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someone lit themselves on fire or something, but might as well have a whole thread for the district because something similar is most likely going to happen tomorrow and the day after and the day after etc.
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Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for direct current was galvanic current.
The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.
Direct current may be obtained from an alternating current supply by use of a current-switching arrangement called a rectifier, which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be made into alternating current with an inverter or a motor-generator set.
The first commercial electric power transmission (developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century) used direct current. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in transforming and transmission, electric power distribution is nearly all alternating current today. In the mid-1950s, HVDC transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance underseas cables (e.g. between countries, such as NorNed) is the only technical feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as third rail power systems, alternating current is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a rectifier to convert the power to direct current. See War of Currents.
Direct current is used to charge batteries, and in nearly all electronic systems, as the power supply. Very large quantities of direct-current power are used in production of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. Direct current is used for some railway propulsion, especially in urban areas. High-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids.
Electromagnetism
Solenoid
Electricity Magnetism
Electrostatics
Magnetostatics
Electrodynamics
Electrical network
Electric current Electric potential
Voltage Resistance
Ohm's law
Series circuit Parallel circuit
Direct current Alternating current
Electromotive force Capacitance
Inductance Impedance
Resonant cavities Waveguides
Covariant formulation
Scientists
v t e
Contents
1 Various definitions
2 Circuits
3 Applications
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Various definitions
Types of direct current
The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through a DC current source. The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. It can be shown that any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time.
Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in the raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line.
Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a voltage regulator) have almost no variations in voltage, but may still have variations in output power and current.
Circuits
A direct current circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of any combination of constant voltage sources, constant current sources, and resistors. In this case, the circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time.
If a capacitor or inductor is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking, a DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in DC steady state. Such a circuit is represented by a system of differential equations. The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or transient part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have a DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor.
In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered.
Applications
Direct-current installations usually have different types of sockets, connectors, switches, and fixtures, mostly due to the low voltages used, from those suitable for alternating current. It is usually important with a direct-current appliance not to reverse polarity unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this (most battery-powered devices do not).
This symbol is found on many electronic devices that either require or produce direct current.
The Unicode symbol for direct current is U+2393 (⎓).
DC is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries, which can produce only DC, or solar power systems, since solar cells can produce only DC. Most automotive applications use DC, although the alternator is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC. Most electronic circuits require a DC power supply. Applications using fuel cells (mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with a catalyst to produce electricity and water as byproducts) also produce only DC.
The vast majority of automotive applications use "12 V" DC power; a few have a 6-volt or a 42-volt electrical system.
Light aircraft electrical systems are typically 12 V or 28 V.
Through the use of a DC-DC converter, high DC voltages such as 48V to 72V DC can be stepped down to 36V, 24V, 18V, 12V or 5V to supply different loads. In a telecommunications system operating at 48V DC, it is generally more efficient to step voltage down to 12V to 24VDC with a DC-DC converter and power equipment loads directly at their native DC input voltages versus operating a 48VDC to 120VAC inverter to provide power to equipment.
Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from the DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone).
Telephone exchange communication equipment, such as DSLAM, uses standard -48V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions.
See also
Portal icon Electronics portal
Portal icon Energy portal
Electric current
High voltage direct current power transmission.
Alternating current
DC offset
Neutral direct-current telegraph system
References
Jump up ^ Andrew J. Robinson, Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007). Clinical Electrophysiology: Electrotherapy and Electrophysiologic Testing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7817-4484-3.
Jump up ^ N. N. Bhargava and D. C. Kulshrishtha (1984). Basic Electronics & Linear Circuits. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-07-451965-3.
Jump up ^ National Electric Light Association (1915). Electrical meterman's handbook. Trow Press. p. 81.
Jump up ^ Roger S. Amos, Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer (1999). Newnes Dictionary of Electronic (4th ed.). Newnes. p. 83. ISBN 0-7506-4331-5.
External links
"AC/DC: What's the Difference?".
"DC And AC Supplies". ITACA.
The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.
Direct current may be obtained from an alternating current supply by use of a current-switching arrangement called a rectifier, which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be made into alternating current with an inverter or a motor-generator set.
The first commercial electric power transmission (developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century) used direct current. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in transforming and transmission, electric power distribution is nearly all alternating current today. In the mid-1950s, HVDC transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance underseas cables (e.g. between countries, such as NorNed) is the only technical feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as third rail power systems, alternating current is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a rectifier to convert the power to direct current. See War of Currents.
Direct current is used to charge batteries, and in nearly all electronic systems, as the power supply. Very large quantities of direct-current power are used in production of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. Direct current is used for some railway propulsion, especially in urban areas. High-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids.
Electromagnetism
Solenoid
Electricity Magnetism
Electrostatics
Magnetostatics
Electrodynamics
Electrical network
Electric current Electric potential
Voltage Resistance
Ohm's law
Series circuit Parallel circuit
Direct current Alternating current
Electromotive force Capacitance
Inductance Impedance
Resonant cavities Waveguides
Covariant formulation
Scientists
v t e
Contents
1 Various definitions
2 Circuits
3 Applications
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Various definitions
Types of direct current
The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through a DC current source. The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. It can be shown that any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time.
Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in the raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line.
Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a voltage regulator) have almost no variations in voltage, but may still have variations in output power and current.
Circuits
A direct current circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of any combination of constant voltage sources, constant current sources, and resistors. In this case, the circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time.
If a capacitor or inductor is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking, a DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in DC steady state. Such a circuit is represented by a system of differential equations. The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or transient part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have a DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor.
In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered.
Applications
Direct-current installations usually have different types of sockets, connectors, switches, and fixtures, mostly due to the low voltages used, from those suitable for alternating current. It is usually important with a direct-current appliance not to reverse polarity unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this (most battery-powered devices do not).
This symbol is found on many electronic devices that either require or produce direct current.
The Unicode symbol for direct current is U+2393 (⎓).
DC is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries, which can produce only DC, or solar power systems, since solar cells can produce only DC. Most automotive applications use DC, although the alternator is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC. Most electronic circuits require a DC power supply. Applications using fuel cells (mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with a catalyst to produce electricity and water as byproducts) also produce only DC.
The vast majority of automotive applications use "12 V" DC power; a few have a 6-volt or a 42-volt electrical system.
Light aircraft electrical systems are typically 12 V or 28 V.
Through the use of a DC-DC converter, high DC voltages such as 48V to 72V DC can be stepped down to 36V, 24V, 18V, 12V or 5V to supply different loads. In a telecommunications system operating at 48V DC, it is generally more efficient to step voltage down to 12V to 24VDC with a DC-DC converter and power equipment loads directly at their native DC input voltages versus operating a 48VDC to 120VAC inverter to provide power to equipment.
Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from the DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone).
Telephone exchange communication equipment, such as DSLAM, uses standard -48V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions.
See also
Portal icon Electronics portal
Portal icon Energy portal
Electric current
High voltage direct current power transmission.
Alternating current
DC offset
Neutral direct-current telegraph system
References
Jump up ^ Andrew J. Robinson, Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007). Clinical Electrophysiology: Electrotherapy and Electrophysiologic Testing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7817-4484-3.
Jump up ^ N. N. Bhargava and D. C. Kulshrishtha (1984). Basic Electronics & Linear Circuits. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-07-451965-3.
Jump up ^ National Electric Light Association (1915). Electrical meterman's handbook. Trow Press. p. 81.
Jump up ^ Roger S. Amos, Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer (1999). Newnes Dictionary of Electronic (4th ed.). Newnes. p. 83. ISBN 0-7506-4331-5.
External links
"AC/DC: What's the Difference?".
"DC And AC Supplies". ITACA.
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DC Inside
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)
DC Inside
DC inside logo.svg
Web address dcinside.com
Commercial? Yes (partly)
Type of site Internet forum
Registration Optional
Owner Kim Yusik
Created by Kim Yusik
Launched October 1999
Alexa rank positive decrease 10,664 (October 2013)
Current status Active
DC Inside (디시인사이드) frequently noted under the initialism DC, is a South Korean internet forum. Initially established as a community dedicated to digital cameras and photography, it has met broad notoriety in Korea due to its unique nature. Among Western media, it is analogous to the English-language website 4chan for its image and influence upon Korean internet culture.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Culture
2.1 Anonymous Posting
2.2 Parody and Neologisms
2.3 Abuse and Slander
2.4 An Alternative Medium for Producing and Spreading News
3 References
Overview
DC Inside was opened in October 1999 by Kim Yusik as a community of interest towards discussion specifically pertaining to digital cameras and photography, hosting only a few categorized image boards. The nascent website was primarily populated by early adopters of electronic devices, but later expanded contiguously to the propagation of additional image boards. Presently, it hosts over 500 active boards, and Kim anticipates the count to multiply to over 1000 by the latter half of 2007.
DC Inside does not depart from popular bulletin board systems used in Korea, operating a free-to-use script called "Zeroboard". Due to security vulnerabilities and bandwidth issues surrounding Zeroboard, many have publicly expressed their frustration recently in regards to the matter.
Board topics range from generic categories such as socio-politics, science and sports to particular subjects such as those committed to individual celebrities. New galleries with other topics are acknowledged and created if deemed appropriate by the site administrator.
Culture
Like similar web-based public-manipulating communities, it is difficult to define this growing community, for general totalitarian atmosphere differ tackily about the variety of a board. The Japanese internet forum 2channel is often likened to as its counterpart, serving similar purpose and sharing its chaotic nature and large size.
Members of DC Inside identify themselves as a "galler" (갤러), meaning "an inhabitant of a gallery". This term is used as a suffix to be tied to the name of a gallery, coining a new term such as "makjang galler"(an inhabitant of the makjang gallery). Although the topic of each gallery varies, the majority of members espouse a cultural foundation unique to DC Inside, sharing thoughts in "DC slang" and "DC mentality" (a.k.a. leftistism).
In accordance to its status as an image board, during the entirety of its subsistence, DC Inside has produced a large quantity of internet phenomena existing in South Korea today. The immensity of significance in Korea has led to the creation of the term "surrogate website", often referred to rival communities in order to bolster its image.
Anonymous Posting
Like the Japanese website 2channel, the freedom to post anonymously is one of the distinctive features of DC Inside which shapes its unique culture. When posting something in a gallery or adding comments to other members’ post, one may identify himself as anything he wants; a formal registration or log in process is optional. This encourages users not only to communicate with one another more casually and expressively, but often to insult and abuse one another more readily.
Parody and Neologisms
DC Inside is known to be responsible for generating and circulating most of the popular jokes, buzzwords, and neologisms in Korea. Many of its users eagerly create and share composite photos, sounds, or video on the site which parody or satirize a variety of controversial social and political phenomenon and public figures. They enjoy using words or phrases out of their original contexts as another way to satirize or criticize controversial issues or figures. Most of the “DC Slangs” are quickly spread to other online communities, offline mass media, and eventually into the Korean people’s everyday lives. Ying-Yar (originally meaning surplus or remainder but alternatively meaning a person who is incompetent and useless in society) is one of the most popular neologisms created on DC Inside.
Abuse and Slander
DC Inside is also famous for the use of extremely abusive and aggressive language among its members, either toward one another or toward public figures, and usually in their comments to one another. This problem has been controversial and widely criticized, particularly since one of the members committed suicide after being personally insulted with abusive words by other members in May of 2005.
An Alternative Medium for Producing and Spreading News
There are many cases in Korea in which political, social, and cultural problems, as well as news and gossip, are first pointed out as controversies on DC Inside rather than by traditional media such as TV news or newspapers. The traditional media then pick up the news and disseminate it to offline viewers. For instance, in 2005, the famous fraudulent stem cell research of Korean veterinarian Hwang Woo-suk was first investigated in the ‘Science Gallery’ section of the site. Later, the case was picked up by PD Su-cheop, a Korean TV investigative reporting show, and went on to become a national controversy.
References
Jump up ^ "Dcinside.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
Jump up ^ Cyber warfare: South Koreans launch DDOS attacks against North Korean websites | Seoul Space: Startup Incubator. Coworking Hub. IT Blog. Localization Agency
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=374357&portal=portal
Jump up ^ http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=50166
Jump up ^ http://news.donga.com/3//20090310/8706013/1
Jump up ^ http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001690812
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010)
DC Inside
DC inside logo.svg
Web address dcinside.com
Commercial? Yes (partly)
Type of site Internet forum
Registration Optional
Owner Kim Yusik
Created by Kim Yusik
Launched October 1999
Alexa rank positive decrease 10,664 (October 2013)
Current status Active
DC Inside (디시인사이드) frequently noted under the initialism DC, is a South Korean internet forum. Initially established as a community dedicated to digital cameras and photography, it has met broad notoriety in Korea due to its unique nature. Among Western media, it is analogous to the English-language website 4chan for its image and influence upon Korean internet culture.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Culture
2.1 Anonymous Posting
2.2 Parody and Neologisms
2.3 Abuse and Slander
2.4 An Alternative Medium for Producing and Spreading News
3 References
Overview
DC Inside was opened in October 1999 by Kim Yusik as a community of interest towards discussion specifically pertaining to digital cameras and photography, hosting only a few categorized image boards. The nascent website was primarily populated by early adopters of electronic devices, but later expanded contiguously to the propagation of additional image boards. Presently, it hosts over 500 active boards, and Kim anticipates the count to multiply to over 1000 by the latter half of 2007.
DC Inside does not depart from popular bulletin board systems used in Korea, operating a free-to-use script called "Zeroboard". Due to security vulnerabilities and bandwidth issues surrounding Zeroboard, many have publicly expressed their frustration recently in regards to the matter.
Board topics range from generic categories such as socio-politics, science and sports to particular subjects such as those committed to individual celebrities. New galleries with other topics are acknowledged and created if deemed appropriate by the site administrator.
Culture
Like similar web-based public-manipulating communities, it is difficult to define this growing community, for general totalitarian atmosphere differ tackily about the variety of a board. The Japanese internet forum 2channel is often likened to as its counterpart, serving similar purpose and sharing its chaotic nature and large size.
Members of DC Inside identify themselves as a "galler" (갤러), meaning "an inhabitant of a gallery". This term is used as a suffix to be tied to the name of a gallery, coining a new term such as "makjang galler"(an inhabitant of the makjang gallery). Although the topic of each gallery varies, the majority of members espouse a cultural foundation unique to DC Inside, sharing thoughts in "DC slang" and "DC mentality" (a.k.a. leftistism).
In accordance to its status as an image board, during the entirety of its subsistence, DC Inside has produced a large quantity of internet phenomena existing in South Korea today. The immensity of significance in Korea has led to the creation of the term "surrogate website", often referred to rival communities in order to bolster its image.
Anonymous Posting
Like the Japanese website 2channel, the freedom to post anonymously is one of the distinctive features of DC Inside which shapes its unique culture. When posting something in a gallery or adding comments to other members’ post, one may identify himself as anything he wants; a formal registration or log in process is optional. This encourages users not only to communicate with one another more casually and expressively, but often to insult and abuse one another more readily.
Parody and Neologisms
DC Inside is known to be responsible for generating and circulating most of the popular jokes, buzzwords, and neologisms in Korea. Many of its users eagerly create and share composite photos, sounds, or video on the site which parody or satirize a variety of controversial social and political phenomenon and public figures. They enjoy using words or phrases out of their original contexts as another way to satirize or criticize controversial issues or figures. Most of the “DC Slangs” are quickly spread to other online communities, offline mass media, and eventually into the Korean people’s everyday lives. Ying-Yar (originally meaning surplus or remainder but alternatively meaning a person who is incompetent and useless in society) is one of the most popular neologisms created on DC Inside.
Abuse and Slander
DC Inside is also famous for the use of extremely abusive and aggressive language among its members, either toward one another or toward public figures, and usually in their comments to one another. This problem has been controversial and widely criticized, particularly since one of the members committed suicide after being personally insulted with abusive words by other members in May of 2005.
An Alternative Medium for Producing and Spreading News
There are many cases in Korea in which political, social, and cultural problems, as well as news and gossip, are first pointed out as controversies on DC Inside rather than by traditional media such as TV news or newspapers. The traditional media then pick up the news and disseminate it to offline viewers. For instance, in 2005, the famous fraudulent stem cell research of Korean veterinarian Hwang Woo-suk was first investigated in the ‘Science Gallery’ section of the site. Later, the case was picked up by PD Su-cheop, a Korean TV investigative reporting show, and went on to become a national controversy.
References
Jump up ^ "Dcinside.com Site Info". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
Jump up ^ Cyber warfare: South Koreans launch DDOS attacks against North Korean websites | Seoul Space: Startup Incubator. Coworking Hub. IT Blog. Localization Agency
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=374357&portal=portal
Jump up ^ http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=50166
Jump up ^ http://news.donga.com/3//20090310/8706013/1
Jump up ^ http://star.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/OhmyStar/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0001690812
gwap
gwap
Post rating:
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oh yeah here's the article: http://www.wtop.com/41/3472732/Man-sets-himself-on-fire-on-National-Mall
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Christian Democracy (Italy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the political party active between 1943 and 1994. For other parties with identical or similar name, see Christian democracy (disambiguation).
Christian Democracy
Democrazia Cristiana
Democrazia Cristiana.png
Leader Alcide De Gasperi
Amintore Fanfani
Aldo Moro
Mariano Rumor
Giulio Andreotti
Arnaldo Forlani
Benigno Zaccagnini
Flaminio Piccoli
Ciriaco De Mita
Mino Martinazzoli
Founded 15 December 1943
Dissolved 16 January 1994
Preceded by Italian People's Party (1919)
Succeeded by Italian People's Party (1994)
Newspaper Il Popolo
Membership 1,390,918 (1991)
max: 2,109,670 (1990)
min: 537,582 (1945)
Ideology Centrism
Christian democracy
Popularism
Christian left (minority)
Conservatism (minority)
International affiliation Christian Democrat International
European affiliation European People's Party
European Parliament group European People's Party
Party flag
DC PPI shield.png
Politics of Italy
Political parties
Elections
Christian Democracy (Italian: Democrazia Cristiana, DC) was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded in 1943 as the ideological successor of the historical Italian People's Party, which had the same symbol, a crossed shield (scudo crociato). A Roman Catholic, centrist, catch-all party comprising both right- and left-leaning political factions, the DC played a dominant role in the politics of Italy for 50 years from its inception in 1944 until its final demise in 1994 amid a nationwide judicial investigation of systemic political corruption.
It was succeeded by a string of smaller parties, including the Italian People's Party, the Christian Democratic Centre, the United Christian Democrats and the (still current) Union of Christian and Centre Democrats. Today, former Christian Democrats are spread among the centre-right The People of Freedom, the centrist Union of the Centre and the centre-left Democratic Party.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 De Gasperi to Moro
1.3 The Pentapartito
1.4 Dissolution
2 Ideology
3 Factions
4 Popular support
5 Controversies
6 Leadership
7 Election results
8 Symbols
9 References
10 External links
11 Sources
History
Early years
The party was founded as the revival of the tradition of the Italian People's Party (PPI), a political party created in 1919 by Luigi Sturzo, a Roman Catholic priest. The PPI won over 20% of the votes in the 1919 and 1921 elections, but was declared illegal by the Fascist dictatorship in 1925 despite the presence of some Popolari in Benito Mussolini's first government.
As World War II was ending, the Christian Democrats started organizing post-Fascist Italy in coalition with all the other mainstream parties, including the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian Republican Party (PRI), the Action Party (Pd'A) and the Labour Democratic Party (PDL). In December 1945 Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi was appointed Prime Minister of Italy.
In the 1946 general election, the first after World War II, the DC won 35.2% of the vote. Breaking decisively with its Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from Harry Truman in May 1947, the party went on to win a decisive victory in 1948 general election with the support of the Catholic Church and the United States. On that occasion the party won 48.5% of the vote, but, despite its absolute majority in the Italian Parliament, De Gasperi continued to govern at the head of a centrist coalition that included the Italian Workers' Socialist Party (PSLI - a 1947 break-away from the PSI), the Liberals and the Republicans.
De Gasperi to Moro
From 1946 until 1994 the DC was the largest party in Parliament, governing in successive coalitions with the support of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), the PLI, the PRI and, after 1963, the PSI. Basing its electoral majority largely on the Catholic countryside, the party originally supported governments based on liberal-conservative political positions, then to move into centre-left coalitions by European standards, despite some disbandaments to the right, such as the short-lived government led by Fernando Tambroni in 1960, relying on parliamentary support from the Italian Social Movement, the post-Fascist party. The opening to the left in the early Sixties replaced the regular post-war centre-right coalition governments with centre-left governments from 1963 to 1973.
The party's share of vote was always between 38 and 43% from 1953 to 1979. From 1954 the party was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as Amintore Fanfani, Aldo Moro and Benigno Zaccagnini, supported by the influential left-wing factions. Coalitions with the PSI became usual after the first centre-left government led by Moro in 1963 which saw the participation of the Socialists in key ministerial posts.
Major land reforms were carried out by Christian Democracy in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners and parcelled out to the peasants. In addition, during its years in office, Christian Democrats passed a number of laws safeguarding employees from exploitation, established a national health service, and initiated low-cost housing in Italy’s major cities.
In 1978 the party was struck by the abduction and murder of Aldo Moro, who had proposed a Historic Compromise with the PCI, by the Red Brigades. When Moro was abducted, the government, at the time led by Giulio Andreotti, immediately took a hardline position stating that the "State must not bend" on terrorist demands. This was a very different position from the one kept in similar cases (such as the kidnapping of Campanian DC member Ciro Cirillo a few years later, for whom a ransom was paid, thanks to the local ties of the party with camorra) before. It was however supported by all the mainstream parties, including the PCI, with the two notable exceptions of the PSI and the Radicals. In the second trial for mafia allegations against Andreotti, leader of the right wing of the party, it was said that he took the chance of getting rid of a dangerous political competitor by sabotaging all of the rescue options and ultimately leaving the captors with no option but killing him. During his captivity Moro wrote a series of letters, at times very critical of Andreotti. Later the memorial written by Moro during his imprisonment was subject to several plots, including the assassination of journalist Mino Pecorelli and general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, which involved Andreotti and some figures of his wing.
The Pentapartito
At the beginning of the 1980s the DC had lost part of its stranglehold over Italian voters. In 1981 Giovanni Spadolini of the PRI was the first non-Christian Democrat to lead a government since 1944, at the head of a coalition comprising the DC, the PSI, the PSDI, the PRI and the PLI, the so-called Pentapartito. In the successive 1983 general election DC suffered one of its largest declines in terms of votes at that point, receiving only 32.5% of the vote cast (-5.8%). Subsequently Bettino Craxi (leader of the rising PSI) reclaimed for himself the post of Prime Minister, again at the head of a Pentapartito government.
DC re-gained the post of Prime Minister in 1987, after a mild recovery in the 1987 general election (34.2%), and the Pentapartito coalition governed Italy almost continuously until 1993. While Italy experienced continuous economic progress in the 1980s, the Italian economy was being undermined by constant devaluation of the Italian lira and the issuing of excessive amounts of high-interest treasury bonds, so that, between 1982 and 1992, the excessive budget deficit build half of the debt still plaguing the country today.
Dissolution
In 1992 an investigation was started in Milan, dubbed Mani pulite. It uncovered endemic corruption practices at the highest levels, causing many spectacular (and sometimes controversial) arrests and resignations. After the dismaying result in the 1992 general election (29.7%) and two years of mounting scandals (which included several Mafia investigations which notably touched Andreotti), the party was disbanded in 1994. In the 1990s most of the politicians prosecuted during those investigations were acquitted, sometimes however on the basis of legal formalities or on the basis of statutory time limit rules.
The DC suffered heavy defeats in the provincial and municipal elections, and polling suggested heavy losses in the election due in the spring of 1994. In hopes of changing the party's image, the DC's last secretary, Mino Martinazzoli decided to change the name of the party to the Italian People's Party. Pier Ferdinando Casini, representing the centre-right faction of the party (previously led by Forlani) decided to launch a new party called Christian Democratic Centre and to form an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's new party, Forza Italia. The left wing faction either joined the Democratic Party of the Left or stayed within the new Italian People's Party, while some right-wingers others joined National Alliance. However in 1994–2000, most Christian Democrats joined Forza Italia, which would have become the party with more ex-DC members in absolute terms.
Ideology
Propaganda posters of the DC: they described to potential voters the party's commitment to anti-communism (in the left poster), traditionalism (in the centre poster), and family values (in the right poster). Note the use of symbols, especially the crossed shield (representing the DC) protecting Italy (represented by Italia Turrita) from the communist hammer and sickle symbol being used as a weapon in the left poster.
The party's ideological sources were principally to be found in Catholic social teaching, the Christian democratic doctrines developed from the 19th century and on (see Christian democracy), the political thought of Romolo Murri and Luigi Sturzo and ultimately in the tradition of the defunct Italian People's Party. Two Papal encyclicals, Rerum Novarum (1891) of Pope Leo XIII, and Quadragesimo Anno (1931) of Pope Pius XI, offered a basis for social and political doctrine.
In economics the DC preferred competition to cooperation, supported the model of social market economy and rejected the Marxist's idea of class struggle. The party thus advocated collaboration between social classes and was basically a catch-all party which aimed to represent all Italian Catholics, both right-wing and left-wing, under the principle of the "political unity of Catholics" against socialism and communism. It ultimately represented the majority of Italians who were opposed to the Italian Communist Party. The party was however originally equidistant between the Communists and the hard right represented by the Italian Social Movement.
As a catch-all party, the DC differed from other European Christian Democratic parties, such as the German Christian Democratic Union that were mainly conservative parties, with DC comprising conservative as well as social-democratic and liberal elements. The party was thus divided in many factions and party life was characterised by factionalism and by the double adherence of members to the party and the factions, often identified with individual leaders.
Factions
The original centrist and liberal-conservative leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, Giuseppe Pella, Ezio Vanoni and Mario Scelba, was soon replaced by the progressives led by Amintore Fanfani. They were opposed to a right wing whose main leader was Antonio Segni. The party's left wing, with its roots in the left of the late Italian People's Party (Giovanni Gronchi, Achille Grandi and controversial Fernando Tambroni), was reinforced by new leaders such as Giuseppe Dossetti, Giorgio La Pira, Giuseppe Lazzati and Fanfani himself. Most of them were social democrats by European standards.
The party was often led by centrist figures unaffiliated to any faction such as Aldo Moro, Mariano Rumor (both closer to the centre-left) and Giulio Andreotti (closer to the centre-right). Moreover often, if the government was led by a centre-right Christian Democrat, the party was led by a left-winger and viceversa. This was what happened in the 1950s when Fanfani was party secretary and the government was led by centre-right figures such as Scelba and Segni and in the late 1970s when Benigno Zaccagnini, a progressive, led the party and Andreotti the government: this custom, in clear contrast with the principles of a Westminster system, deeply weakened the office of the Prime Minister, turning the Italian political system into a particracy (partitocrazia).
From the 1980s until 1992 the party was divided between the centre-right led by Arnaldo Forlani (supported also by the party's right-wing) and the centre-left led by Ciriaco De Mita (whose supporters included trade unionists and the internal left), with Andreotti holding the balance. De Mita, who led the party from 1982 to 1989, curiously tried to transform the party into a mainstream "conservative party" in line with the European People's Party in order to preserve party unity. He was replaced by Forlani in 1989, after that he had become Prime Minister in 1988. The disagreements between De Mita and Forlani resulted in a return of Andreotti as Prime Minister from 1989 to 1992.
With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of great ideologies and ultimately the Tangentopoli scandals, the heterogeneous nature of the party led it to its collapse. The bulk of the DC joined the new Italian People's Party (PPI), but immediately several centre-right elements led by Pier Ferdinando Casini joined the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD), while others directly joined Forza Italia. A split from the PPI, the United Christian Democrats (CDU), joined Forza Italia and the CCD in the centre-right Pole of Freedoms coalition (later becoming the Pole for Freedoms), while the PPI was a founding member of The Olive Tree centre-left coalition in 1996. Today, former Christian Democrats are divided among The People of Freedom, the Union of the Centre and the Democratic Party.
Popular support
In its early years the party was stronger in Northern Italy, and especially in eastern Lombardy and Veneto, due to the strong Catholic roots of that areas, than in the South, where the Liberal establishment that had governed Italy for decades before the rise of Benito Mussolini had still a grip on voters, as also the Monarchists and the Common Man's Front did. The DC was very weak in Emilia-Romagna and Central Italy, where the Italian Communist Party was the dominant political force.
In the 1948 general election the party had its best result ever (48.5% and the absolute majority in the Italian Parliament. The party won 66.8% in eastern Lombardy (73.6% in the Province of Bergamo), 60.5% in Veneto (71.9% in the Province of Vicenza), 69.6% in Trentino and 57.8% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, that is to say where the late Italian People's Party had its strongholds. In the Centre-South the DC gained more than 50% of the vote in Lazio (51.9%), Abruzzo (53.7%) and Campania (50.5%).
From the late 1950s the DC started to move South and by the 1980s it was stronger in the South than in the North, with the exception of Veneto, which remained one of the party's strongholds. In the 1983 general election the party suffered a dramatic decrease in term of votes and its electoral geography was very different from 30 or even 10 years before, as the region where it obtained the best result was Apulia (46.0%).
In the 1992 general election the shift was even more evident as the party was over the 40% mark only in some Southern regions (41.1% in Campania, 44.5 in Basilicata and 41.2% in Sicily), while it barely reached 20-25% of the vote in the North. As a result of the rise of Lega Nord, which was stronger precisely in the traditional Christian Democratic heartlands, the DC was reduced to 21.0% in Piedmont (with the League at 16.3%), 32.1% in western Lombardy (League at 25.2%), 31.7% in Veneto (League at 17.3%) and 28.0% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (League at 17.0%).
As the DC's role was ended, the 1919 PPI strongholds and the DC's traditional heartlands were to become Lega Nord's power base, while the successor parties of the DC continued to be key political actors only in the South, where the clientelistic way of government practised by the Christian Democrats and their allies had left a mark. In the 1996 general election the League gained 7 out of 8 single-seat constituencies in the Province of Bergamo and 5 out of 6 in the Province of Vicenza, winning well over 40%, while the combined score of the three main post-DC parties (the new PPI, the CCD and the CDU) was highest in Campania (22.3%). In the 1996 Sicilian regional election the combined score of those parties was 26.4%.
Controversies
DC election poster for Mafia boss Giuseppe Genco Russo.
Having ruled Italy for over 40 years with no alternative other than the Italian Communist Party, DC members had ample opportunity to abuse their power, and some did. In the 1960s scandals involved frauds such as huge illegal profits in the administration of banana import quotas, preferential allocation of purposely misprinted (and, therefore, rare) postage stamps. Giovanni Leone was forced to resign as President of the Italian Republic in 1978, after a scandal involving Lockheed aeroplanes. He was later acquitted.
The party was also invested, like the other parties of the Pentapartito, in the Tangentopoli scandals and in the subsequent Mani pulite. Moreover, as in the 1970s and the 1980s Southern Italy had become the party's stronghold, it was likely that Mafia and dishonest politicians may try to collaborate. DC was the party most associated with Mafia among the public. Leaders such as Antonio Gava, Calogero Mannino, Vito Ciancimino, Salvo Lima and especially Giulio Andreotti were perceived by many to belong to a grey zone between simple corruption and mafia business, even if most of them were later acquitted.
Leadership
Secretary: Alcide De Gasperi (1944–1946), Attilio Piccioni (1946–1949), Giuseppe Cappi (1949), Paolo Emilio Taviani (1949–1950), Guido Gonella (1950–1953), Alcide De Gasperi (1953–1954), Amintore Fanfani (1954–1959), Aldo Moro (1959–1964), Mariano Rumor (1964–1969), Flaminio Piccoli (1969), Arnaldo Forlani (1969–1973), Amintore Fanfani (1973–1975), Benigno Zaccagnini (1975–1980), Flaminio Piccoli (1980–1982), Ciriaco De Mita (1982–1989), Arnaldo Forlani (1989–1992), Mino Martinazzoli (1992–1994)
President: Mario Scelba (1965–1969), Benigno Zaccagnini (1969–1975), Aldo Moro (1975–1978), Flaminio Piccoli (1978–1980), Arnaldo Forlani (1980–1989), Ciriaco De Mita (1989–1992), Rosa Russo Iervolino (1992–1994)
Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Giovanni Gronchi (1946–1948), Giuseppe Cappi (1948–1949), Giuseppe Spataro (1949), Giuseppe Cappi (1950), Giuseppe Bettiol (1950–1953), Aldo Moro (1953–1956), Attilio Piccioni (1956–1958), Luigi Gui (1958–1962), Benigno Zaccagnini (1962–1968), Fiorentino Sullo (1968), Giulio Andreotti (1968–1972), Flaminio Piccoli (1972–1978), Giovanni Galloni (1978–1979), Gerardo Bianco (1979–1983), Virginio Rognoni (1983–1986), Mino Martinazzoli (1986–1989), Vincenzo Scotti (1989–1990), Antonio Gava (1990–1992), Gerardo Bianco (1992–1994)
Election results
Chamber of Deputies
Election year # of
overall votes % of
overall vote # of
overall seats won +/– Leader
1946 8,101,004 (#1) 35.2
207 / 556
–
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government led by Alcide De Gasperi in the Constituent Assembly.
1948 12,740,042 (#1) 48.5
305 / 574
Increase 98
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1953 10,862,073 (#1) 40.1
263 / 590
Decrease 42
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1958 12,520,207 (#1) 42.4
273 / 596
Increase 10
Amintore Fanfani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSDI-PLI.
1963 11,773,182 (#1) 38.3
260 / 630
Decrease 13
Aldo Moro
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PRI, led by Aldo Moro.
1968 12,441,553 (#1) 39.1
266 / 630
Increase 6
Mariano Rumor
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1972 12,919,270 (#1) 38.7
266 / 630
–
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1976 14,218,298 (#1) 38.7
263 / 630
Decrease 3
Giulio Andreotti
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1979 14,046,290 (#1) 38.3
262 / 630
Decrease 1
Francesco Cossiga
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1983 12,153,081 (#1) 32.9
225 / 630
Decrease 37
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI, led by the socialist leader Bettino Craxi.
1987 13,241,188 (#1) 34.3
234 / 630
Increase 9
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1992 11,637,569 (#1) 29.7
206 / 630
Decrease 28
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI.
Senate of the Republic
Election year # of
overall votes % of
overall vote # of
overall seats won +/– Leader
1948 10,899,640 (#1) 48.1
131 / 237
–
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1953 10,862,073 (#1) 40.7
116 / 237
Decrease 15
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1958 12,520,207 (#1) 41.2
123 / 246
Increase 7
Amintore Fanfani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSDI-PLI.
1963 10,032,458 (#1) 36.6
129 / 315
Increase 6
Aldo Moro
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PRI, led by Aldo Moro.
1968 10,965,790 (#1) 38.3
135 / 315
Increase 6
Mariano Rumor
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1972 11,466,701 (#1) 38.1
135 / 315
–
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1976 12,226,768 (#1) 38.9
135 / 315
–
Giulio Andreotti
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1979 12,018,077 (#1) 38.3
138 / 315
Increase 3
Francesco Cossiga
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1983 10,081,819 (#1) 32.4
120 / 315
Decrease 18
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI, led by the socialist leader Bettino Craxi.
1987 10,897,036 (#1) 33.6
125 / 315
Increase 5
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1992 9,088,494 (#1) 27.3
107 / 315
Decrease 18
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI.
Symbols
1943–1968
1968–1992
1992–1994
References
Jump up ^ http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/iscritti.xls
Jump up ^ David Hanley (16 June 1998). CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-1-85567-382-3. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (12 May 2007). Political Institutions of Italy. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Jump up ^ T. Banchoff (28 June 1999). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-81-7023-307-7. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Jump up ^ James L. Newell; James Newell (28 January 2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-521-84070-5. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
Jump up ^ Italy: Library of Nations: Italy, Time-Life Books, 1985
Jump up ^ Pecorelli, Francesco; Sommella, Roberto. I veleni di OP (in Italian). KAOS Edizioni.
Jump up ^ Yepa - Dedicated Hosting Solutions. Apolis.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
Jump up ^ "La Magliana, uno schizzo di fango su Vitalone" (in Italian). La Repubblica. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
Jump up ^ ::: Ministero dell'Interno ::: Archivio Storico delle Elezioni. Elezionistorico.interno.it. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
Jump up ^
External links
Archive of DC posters – part 1
Archive of DC posters – part 2
Sources
Massimo L. Salvadori, Enciclopedia storica, Zanichelli, Bologna 2000
Igino Giordani, De Gasperi, il ricostruttore, Cinque Lune, Rome 1955
Giulio Andreotti, De Gasperi e il suo tempo, Mondadori, Milan 1956
Gianni Baget Bozzo, Il partito cristiano al potere: la DC di De Gasperi e di Dossetti 1945–1954, Vallecchi, Florence 1974
Gianni Baget Bozzo, Il partito cristiano e l'apertura a sinistra: la DC di Fanfani e di Moro 1954–1962, Vallecchi, Florence 1977
Pietro Scoppola, La proposta politica di De Gasperi, Il Mulino, Bologna 1977
Nico Perrone, Il segno della DC, Dedalo, Bari 2002 ISBN 88-220-6253-1
Luciano Radi, La DC da De Gasperi a Fanfani, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli 2005
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the political party active between 1943 and 1994. For other parties with identical or similar name, see Christian democracy (disambiguation).
Christian Democracy
Democrazia Cristiana
Democrazia Cristiana.png
Leader Alcide De Gasperi
Amintore Fanfani
Aldo Moro
Mariano Rumor
Giulio Andreotti
Arnaldo Forlani
Benigno Zaccagnini
Flaminio Piccoli
Ciriaco De Mita
Mino Martinazzoli
Founded 15 December 1943
Dissolved 16 January 1994
Preceded by Italian People's Party (1919)
Succeeded by Italian People's Party (1994)
Newspaper Il Popolo
Membership 1,390,918 (1991)
max: 2,109,670 (1990)
min: 537,582 (1945)
Ideology Centrism
Christian democracy
Popularism
Christian left (minority)
Conservatism (minority)
International affiliation Christian Democrat International
European affiliation European People's Party
European Parliament group European People's Party
Party flag
DC PPI shield.png
Politics of Italy
Political parties
Elections
Christian Democracy (Italian: Democrazia Cristiana, DC) was a Christian democratic political party in Italy. The DC was founded in 1943 as the ideological successor of the historical Italian People's Party, which had the same symbol, a crossed shield (scudo crociato). A Roman Catholic, centrist, catch-all party comprising both right- and left-leaning political factions, the DC played a dominant role in the politics of Italy for 50 years from its inception in 1944 until its final demise in 1994 amid a nationwide judicial investigation of systemic political corruption.
It was succeeded by a string of smaller parties, including the Italian People's Party, the Christian Democratic Centre, the United Christian Democrats and the (still current) Union of Christian and Centre Democrats. Today, former Christian Democrats are spread among the centre-right The People of Freedom, the centrist Union of the Centre and the centre-left Democratic Party.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 De Gasperi to Moro
1.3 The Pentapartito
1.4 Dissolution
2 Ideology
3 Factions
4 Popular support
5 Controversies
6 Leadership
7 Election results
8 Symbols
9 References
10 External links
11 Sources
History
Early years
The party was founded as the revival of the tradition of the Italian People's Party (PPI), a political party created in 1919 by Luigi Sturzo, a Roman Catholic priest. The PPI won over 20% of the votes in the 1919 and 1921 elections, but was declared illegal by the Fascist dictatorship in 1925 despite the presence of some Popolari in Benito Mussolini's first government.
As World War II was ending, the Christian Democrats started organizing post-Fascist Italy in coalition with all the other mainstream parties, including the Italian Communist Party (PCI), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), the Italian Liberal Party (PLI), the Italian Republican Party (PRI), the Action Party (Pd'A) and the Labour Democratic Party (PDL). In December 1945 Christian Democrat Alcide De Gasperi was appointed Prime Minister of Italy.
In the 1946 general election, the first after World War II, the DC won 35.2% of the vote. Breaking decisively with its Communist and Socialist coalition partners under pressure from Harry Truman in May 1947, the party went on to win a decisive victory in 1948 general election with the support of the Catholic Church and the United States. On that occasion the party won 48.5% of the vote, but, despite its absolute majority in the Italian Parliament, De Gasperi continued to govern at the head of a centrist coalition that included the Italian Workers' Socialist Party (PSLI - a 1947 break-away from the PSI), the Liberals and the Republicans.
De Gasperi to Moro
From 1946 until 1994 the DC was the largest party in Parliament, governing in successive coalitions with the support of the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), the PLI, the PRI and, after 1963, the PSI. Basing its electoral majority largely on the Catholic countryside, the party originally supported governments based on liberal-conservative political positions, then to move into centre-left coalitions by European standards, despite some disbandaments to the right, such as the short-lived government led by Fernando Tambroni in 1960, relying on parliamentary support from the Italian Social Movement, the post-Fascist party. The opening to the left in the early Sixties replaced the regular post-war centre-right coalition governments with centre-left governments from 1963 to 1973.
The party's share of vote was always between 38 and 43% from 1953 to 1979. From 1954 the party was led by progressive Christian Democrats, such as Amintore Fanfani, Aldo Moro and Benigno Zaccagnini, supported by the influential left-wing factions. Coalitions with the PSI became usual after the first centre-left government led by Moro in 1963 which saw the participation of the Socialists in key ministerial posts.
Major land reforms were carried out by Christian Democracy in the poorer rural regions in the early postwar years, with farms appropriated from the large landowners and parcelled out to the peasants. In addition, during its years in office, Christian Democrats passed a number of laws safeguarding employees from exploitation, established a national health service, and initiated low-cost housing in Italy’s major cities.
In 1978 the party was struck by the abduction and murder of Aldo Moro, who had proposed a Historic Compromise with the PCI, by the Red Brigades. When Moro was abducted, the government, at the time led by Giulio Andreotti, immediately took a hardline position stating that the "State must not bend" on terrorist demands. This was a very different position from the one kept in similar cases (such as the kidnapping of Campanian DC member Ciro Cirillo a few years later, for whom a ransom was paid, thanks to the local ties of the party with camorra) before. It was however supported by all the mainstream parties, including the PCI, with the two notable exceptions of the PSI and the Radicals. In the second trial for mafia allegations against Andreotti, leader of the right wing of the party, it was said that he took the chance of getting rid of a dangerous political competitor by sabotaging all of the rescue options and ultimately leaving the captors with no option but killing him. During his captivity Moro wrote a series of letters, at times very critical of Andreotti. Later the memorial written by Moro during his imprisonment was subject to several plots, including the assassination of journalist Mino Pecorelli and general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, which involved Andreotti and some figures of his wing.
The Pentapartito
At the beginning of the 1980s the DC had lost part of its stranglehold over Italian voters. In 1981 Giovanni Spadolini of the PRI was the first non-Christian Democrat to lead a government since 1944, at the head of a coalition comprising the DC, the PSI, the PSDI, the PRI and the PLI, the so-called Pentapartito. In the successive 1983 general election DC suffered one of its largest declines in terms of votes at that point, receiving only 32.5% of the vote cast (-5.8%). Subsequently Bettino Craxi (leader of the rising PSI) reclaimed for himself the post of Prime Minister, again at the head of a Pentapartito government.
DC re-gained the post of Prime Minister in 1987, after a mild recovery in the 1987 general election (34.2%), and the Pentapartito coalition governed Italy almost continuously until 1993. While Italy experienced continuous economic progress in the 1980s, the Italian economy was being undermined by constant devaluation of the Italian lira and the issuing of excessive amounts of high-interest treasury bonds, so that, between 1982 and 1992, the excessive budget deficit build half of the debt still plaguing the country today.
Dissolution
In 1992 an investigation was started in Milan, dubbed Mani pulite. It uncovered endemic corruption practices at the highest levels, causing many spectacular (and sometimes controversial) arrests and resignations. After the dismaying result in the 1992 general election (29.7%) and two years of mounting scandals (which included several Mafia investigations which notably touched Andreotti), the party was disbanded in 1994. In the 1990s most of the politicians prosecuted during those investigations were acquitted, sometimes however on the basis of legal formalities or on the basis of statutory time limit rules.
The DC suffered heavy defeats in the provincial and municipal elections, and polling suggested heavy losses in the election due in the spring of 1994. In hopes of changing the party's image, the DC's last secretary, Mino Martinazzoli decided to change the name of the party to the Italian People's Party. Pier Ferdinando Casini, representing the centre-right faction of the party (previously led by Forlani) decided to launch a new party called Christian Democratic Centre and to form an alliance with Silvio Berlusconi's new party, Forza Italia. The left wing faction either joined the Democratic Party of the Left or stayed within the new Italian People's Party, while some right-wingers others joined National Alliance. However in 1994–2000, most Christian Democrats joined Forza Italia, which would have become the party with more ex-DC members in absolute terms.
Ideology
Propaganda posters of the DC: they described to potential voters the party's commitment to anti-communism (in the left poster), traditionalism (in the centre poster), and family values (in the right poster). Note the use of symbols, especially the crossed shield (representing the DC) protecting Italy (represented by Italia Turrita) from the communist hammer and sickle symbol being used as a weapon in the left poster.
The party's ideological sources were principally to be found in Catholic social teaching, the Christian democratic doctrines developed from the 19th century and on (see Christian democracy), the political thought of Romolo Murri and Luigi Sturzo and ultimately in the tradition of the defunct Italian People's Party. Two Papal encyclicals, Rerum Novarum (1891) of Pope Leo XIII, and Quadragesimo Anno (1931) of Pope Pius XI, offered a basis for social and political doctrine.
In economics the DC preferred competition to cooperation, supported the model of social market economy and rejected the Marxist's idea of class struggle. The party thus advocated collaboration between social classes and was basically a catch-all party which aimed to represent all Italian Catholics, both right-wing and left-wing, under the principle of the "political unity of Catholics" against socialism and communism. It ultimately represented the majority of Italians who were opposed to the Italian Communist Party. The party was however originally equidistant between the Communists and the hard right represented by the Italian Social Movement.
As a catch-all party, the DC differed from other European Christian Democratic parties, such as the German Christian Democratic Union that were mainly conservative parties, with DC comprising conservative as well as social-democratic and liberal elements. The party was thus divided in many factions and party life was characterised by factionalism and by the double adherence of members to the party and the factions, often identified with individual leaders.
Factions
The original centrist and liberal-conservative leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, Giuseppe Pella, Ezio Vanoni and Mario Scelba, was soon replaced by the progressives led by Amintore Fanfani. They were opposed to a right wing whose main leader was Antonio Segni. The party's left wing, with its roots in the left of the late Italian People's Party (Giovanni Gronchi, Achille Grandi and controversial Fernando Tambroni), was reinforced by new leaders such as Giuseppe Dossetti, Giorgio La Pira, Giuseppe Lazzati and Fanfani himself. Most of them were social democrats by European standards.
The party was often led by centrist figures unaffiliated to any faction such as Aldo Moro, Mariano Rumor (both closer to the centre-left) and Giulio Andreotti (closer to the centre-right). Moreover often, if the government was led by a centre-right Christian Democrat, the party was led by a left-winger and viceversa. This was what happened in the 1950s when Fanfani was party secretary and the government was led by centre-right figures such as Scelba and Segni and in the late 1970s when Benigno Zaccagnini, a progressive, led the party and Andreotti the government: this custom, in clear contrast with the principles of a Westminster system, deeply weakened the office of the Prime Minister, turning the Italian political system into a particracy (partitocrazia).
From the 1980s until 1992 the party was divided between the centre-right led by Arnaldo Forlani (supported also by the party's right-wing) and the centre-left led by Ciriaco De Mita (whose supporters included trade unionists and the internal left), with Andreotti holding the balance. De Mita, who led the party from 1982 to 1989, curiously tried to transform the party into a mainstream "conservative party" in line with the European People's Party in order to preserve party unity. He was replaced by Forlani in 1989, after that he had become Prime Minister in 1988. The disagreements between De Mita and Forlani resulted in a return of Andreotti as Prime Minister from 1989 to 1992.
With the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of great ideologies and ultimately the Tangentopoli scandals, the heterogeneous nature of the party led it to its collapse. The bulk of the DC joined the new Italian People's Party (PPI), but immediately several centre-right elements led by Pier Ferdinando Casini joined the Christian Democratic Centre (CCD), while others directly joined Forza Italia. A split from the PPI, the United Christian Democrats (CDU), joined Forza Italia and the CCD in the centre-right Pole of Freedoms coalition (later becoming the Pole for Freedoms), while the PPI was a founding member of The Olive Tree centre-left coalition in 1996. Today, former Christian Democrats are divided among The People of Freedom, the Union of the Centre and the Democratic Party.
Popular support
In its early years the party was stronger in Northern Italy, and especially in eastern Lombardy and Veneto, due to the strong Catholic roots of that areas, than in the South, where the Liberal establishment that had governed Italy for decades before the rise of Benito Mussolini had still a grip on voters, as also the Monarchists and the Common Man's Front did. The DC was very weak in Emilia-Romagna and Central Italy, where the Italian Communist Party was the dominant political force.
In the 1948 general election the party had its best result ever (48.5% and the absolute majority in the Italian Parliament. The party won 66.8% in eastern Lombardy (73.6% in the Province of Bergamo), 60.5% in Veneto (71.9% in the Province of Vicenza), 69.6% in Trentino and 57.8% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, that is to say where the late Italian People's Party had its strongholds. In the Centre-South the DC gained more than 50% of the vote in Lazio (51.9%), Abruzzo (53.7%) and Campania (50.5%).
From the late 1950s the DC started to move South and by the 1980s it was stronger in the South than in the North, with the exception of Veneto, which remained one of the party's strongholds. In the 1983 general election the party suffered a dramatic decrease in term of votes and its electoral geography was very different from 30 or even 10 years before, as the region where it obtained the best result was Apulia (46.0%).
In the 1992 general election the shift was even more evident as the party was over the 40% mark only in some Southern regions (41.1% in Campania, 44.5 in Basilicata and 41.2% in Sicily), while it barely reached 20-25% of the vote in the North. As a result of the rise of Lega Nord, which was stronger precisely in the traditional Christian Democratic heartlands, the DC was reduced to 21.0% in Piedmont (with the League at 16.3%), 32.1% in western Lombardy (League at 25.2%), 31.7% in Veneto (League at 17.3%) and 28.0% in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (League at 17.0%).
As the DC's role was ended, the 1919 PPI strongholds and the DC's traditional heartlands were to become Lega Nord's power base, while the successor parties of the DC continued to be key political actors only in the South, where the clientelistic way of government practised by the Christian Democrats and their allies had left a mark. In the 1996 general election the League gained 7 out of 8 single-seat constituencies in the Province of Bergamo and 5 out of 6 in the Province of Vicenza, winning well over 40%, while the combined score of the three main post-DC parties (the new PPI, the CCD and the CDU) was highest in Campania (22.3%). In the 1996 Sicilian regional election the combined score of those parties was 26.4%.
Controversies
DC election poster for Mafia boss Giuseppe Genco Russo.
Having ruled Italy for over 40 years with no alternative other than the Italian Communist Party, DC members had ample opportunity to abuse their power, and some did. In the 1960s scandals involved frauds such as huge illegal profits in the administration of banana import quotas, preferential allocation of purposely misprinted (and, therefore, rare) postage stamps. Giovanni Leone was forced to resign as President of the Italian Republic in 1978, after a scandal involving Lockheed aeroplanes. He was later acquitted.
The party was also invested, like the other parties of the Pentapartito, in the Tangentopoli scandals and in the subsequent Mani pulite. Moreover, as in the 1970s and the 1980s Southern Italy had become the party's stronghold, it was likely that Mafia and dishonest politicians may try to collaborate. DC was the party most associated with Mafia among the public. Leaders such as Antonio Gava, Calogero Mannino, Vito Ciancimino, Salvo Lima and especially Giulio Andreotti were perceived by many to belong to a grey zone between simple corruption and mafia business, even if most of them were later acquitted.
Leadership
Secretary: Alcide De Gasperi (1944–1946), Attilio Piccioni (1946–1949), Giuseppe Cappi (1949), Paolo Emilio Taviani (1949–1950), Guido Gonella (1950–1953), Alcide De Gasperi (1953–1954), Amintore Fanfani (1954–1959), Aldo Moro (1959–1964), Mariano Rumor (1964–1969), Flaminio Piccoli (1969), Arnaldo Forlani (1969–1973), Amintore Fanfani (1973–1975), Benigno Zaccagnini (1975–1980), Flaminio Piccoli (1980–1982), Ciriaco De Mita (1982–1989), Arnaldo Forlani (1989–1992), Mino Martinazzoli (1992–1994)
President: Mario Scelba (1965–1969), Benigno Zaccagnini (1969–1975), Aldo Moro (1975–1978), Flaminio Piccoli (1978–1980), Arnaldo Forlani (1980–1989), Ciriaco De Mita (1989–1992), Rosa Russo Iervolino (1992–1994)
Party Leader in the Chamber of Deputies: Giovanni Gronchi (1946–1948), Giuseppe Cappi (1948–1949), Giuseppe Spataro (1949), Giuseppe Cappi (1950), Giuseppe Bettiol (1950–1953), Aldo Moro (1953–1956), Attilio Piccioni (1956–1958), Luigi Gui (1958–1962), Benigno Zaccagnini (1962–1968), Fiorentino Sullo (1968), Giulio Andreotti (1968–1972), Flaminio Piccoli (1972–1978), Giovanni Galloni (1978–1979), Gerardo Bianco (1979–1983), Virginio Rognoni (1983–1986), Mino Martinazzoli (1986–1989), Vincenzo Scotti (1989–1990), Antonio Gava (1990–1992), Gerardo Bianco (1992–1994)
Election results
Chamber of Deputies
Election year # of
overall votes % of
overall vote # of
overall seats won +/– Leader
1946 8,101,004 (#1) 35.2
207 / 556
–
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government led by Alcide De Gasperi in the Constituent Assembly.
1948 12,740,042 (#1) 48.5
305 / 574
Increase 98
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1953 10,862,073 (#1) 40.1
263 / 590
Decrease 42
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1958 12,520,207 (#1) 42.4
273 / 596
Increase 10
Amintore Fanfani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSDI-PLI.
1963 11,773,182 (#1) 38.3
260 / 630
Decrease 13
Aldo Moro
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PRI, led by Aldo Moro.
1968 12,441,553 (#1) 39.1
266 / 630
Increase 6
Mariano Rumor
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1972 12,919,270 (#1) 38.7
266 / 630
–
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1976 14,218,298 (#1) 38.7
263 / 630
Decrease 3
Giulio Andreotti
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1979 14,046,290 (#1) 38.3
262 / 630
Decrease 1
Francesco Cossiga
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1983 12,153,081 (#1) 32.9
225 / 630
Decrease 37
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI, led by the socialist leader Bettino Craxi.
1987 13,241,188 (#1) 34.3
234 / 630
Increase 9
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1992 11,637,569 (#1) 29.7
206 / 630
Decrease 28
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI.
Senate of the Republic
Election year # of
overall votes % of
overall vote # of
overall seats won +/– Leader
1948 10,899,640 (#1) 48.1
131 / 237
–
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1953 10,862,073 (#1) 40.7
116 / 237
Decrease 15
Alcide De Gasperi
Senior party in the government coalition led by Alcide De Gasperi.
1958 12,520,207 (#1) 41.2
123 / 246
Increase 7
Amintore Fanfani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSDI-PLI.
1963 10,032,458 (#1) 36.6
129 / 315
Increase 6
Aldo Moro
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PRI, led by Aldo Moro.
1968 10,965,790 (#1) 38.3
135 / 315
Increase 6
Mariano Rumor
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1972 11,466,701 (#1) 38.1
135 / 315
–
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1976 12,226,768 (#1) 38.9
135 / 315
–
Giulio Andreotti
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1979 12,018,077 (#1) 38.3
138 / 315
Increase 3
Francesco Cossiga
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1983 10,081,819 (#1) 32.4
120 / 315
Decrease 18
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI, led by the socialist leader Bettino Craxi.
1987 10,897,036 (#1) 33.6
125 / 315
Increase 5
Ciriaco De Mita
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI-PRI.
1992 9,088,494 (#1) 27.3
107 / 315
Decrease 18
Arnaldo Forlani
Senior party in the government coalition DC-PSI-PSDI-PLI.
Symbols
1943–1968
1968–1992
1992–1994
References
Jump up ^ http://www.cattaneo.org/archivi/adele/iscritti.xls
Jump up ^ David Hanley (16 June 1998). CHRISTIAN DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-1-85567-382-3. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Maurizio Cotta; Luca Verzichelli (12 May 2007). Political Institutions of Italy. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–. ISBN 978-0-19-928470-2. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
Jump up ^ T. Banchoff (28 June 1999). Legitimacy and the European Union. Taylor & Francis. pp. 126–. ISBN 978-0-415-18188-4. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Political Systems Of The World. Allied Publishers. pp. 117–. ISBN 978-81-7023-307-7. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
Jump up ^ James L. Newell; James Newell (28 January 2010). The Politics of Italy: Governance in a Normal Country. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-521-84070-5. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
Jump up ^ Italy: Library of Nations: Italy, Time-Life Books, 1985
Jump up ^ Pecorelli, Francesco; Sommella, Roberto. I veleni di OP (in Italian). KAOS Edizioni.
Jump up ^ Yepa - Dedicated Hosting Solutions. Apolis.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
Jump up ^ "La Magliana, uno schizzo di fango su Vitalone" (in Italian). La Repubblica. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Piergiorgio Corbetta; Maria Serena Piretti, Atlante storico-elettorale d'Italia, Zanichelli, Bologna 2009
Jump up ^ ::: Ministero dell'Interno ::: Archivio Storico delle Elezioni. Elezionistorico.interno.it. Retrieved on 2013-08-24.
Jump up ^
External links
Archive of DC posters – part 1
Archive of DC posters – part 2
Sources
Massimo L. Salvadori, Enciclopedia storica, Zanichelli, Bologna 2000
Igino Giordani, De Gasperi, il ricostruttore, Cinque Lune, Rome 1955
Giulio Andreotti, De Gasperi e il suo tempo, Mondadori, Milan 1956
Gianni Baget Bozzo, Il partito cristiano al potere: la DC di De Gasperi e di Dossetti 1945–1954, Vallecchi, Florence 1974
Gianni Baget Bozzo, Il partito cristiano e l'apertura a sinistra: la DC di Fanfani e di Moro 1954–1962, Vallecchi, Florence 1977
Pietro Scoppola, La proposta politica di De Gasperi, Il Mulino, Bologna 1977
Nico Perrone, Il segno della DC, Dedalo, Bari 2002 ISBN 88-220-6253-1
Luciano Radi, La DC da De Gasperi a Fanfani, Rubbettino, Soveria Mannelli 2005
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Christian Doctrine Fathers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Christian Doctrine Fathers, or Doctrinaries (in Latin Congregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae), are a religious institute of male consecrated Catholics. The members of this religious congregation add the abbreviation D.C. after their names.
Contents
1 History
2 Activities and Dissemination
3 Notes
4 External links
History
The institute was founded 29 September 1592 in L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue by French priest César de Bus (1544–1607) as a community of priests devoted to the secular education of children. It was approved by the Holy See on 23 December 1597.
Later, the congregation was reorganized by Benedict XIII and Benedict XIV, who in 1747 joined the brotherhood founded in Rome in 1560 by Marco de Sadis Cusani.
Activities and Dissemination
Today, Dottrinari priests are devoted mainly to parish ministry, teaching and publishing—especially catechetical texts.
As of 31 December 2010, the congregation consisted of 17 communities with 89 religious, 58 of them priests.
Notes
Jump up ^ Statistics from the Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2012, Vatican City, 2012, p. 1430.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Christian Doctrine Fathers, or Doctrinaries (in Latin Congregatio Patrum Doctrinae Christianae), are a religious institute of male consecrated Catholics. The members of this religious congregation add the abbreviation D.C. after their names.
Contents
1 History
2 Activities and Dissemination
3 Notes
4 External links
History
The institute was founded 29 September 1592 in L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue by French priest César de Bus (1544–1607) as a community of priests devoted to the secular education of children. It was approved by the Holy See on 23 December 1597.
Later, the congregation was reorganized by Benedict XIII and Benedict XIV, who in 1747 joined the brotherhood founded in Rome in 1560 by Marco de Sadis Cusani.
Activities and Dissemination
Today, Dottrinari priests are devoted mainly to parish ministry, teaching and publishing—especially catechetical texts.
As of 31 December 2010, the congregation consisted of 17 communities with 89 religious, 58 of them priests.
Notes
Jump up ^ Statistics from the Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2012, Vatican City, 2012, p. 1430.
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Deccan Chargers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the team that replaced the Deccan Chargers in late 2012, see Sunrisers Hyderabad.
Deccan Chargers (Hyderabad)
HyderabadDeccanChargers.png
City: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Owner: Deccan Chronicle
Founded: 2008
Dissolved: 2012
Home ground:
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium
(Capacity: 40,000)
ACA-VDCA Stadium
(Capacity: 25,000)
Barabati Stadium
(Capacity: 45,000)
IPL wins: 1 (2009)
CLT20 wins: 0 (Qualified 2009)
Official website: Deccan Chargers
The Deccan Chargers (Telugu: డెక్కన్ ఛార్జర్స్ ), known in short as DC, was a cricket franchise based in the city of Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League. The team was one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008 and was owned by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. After finishing last in the first season of the IPL, they won the second season held in South Africa in 2009 under the captaincy of former Australian wicket-keeper batsman Adam Gilchrist. Gilchrist was the captain of the team for the first three seasons of the IPL. From the fourth season, Kumar Sangakkara has been leading the team and Cameron White has been playing as his deputy. The team was coached by Darren Lehmann, former Australian cricketer.
The owners put the franchise up for sale in 2012 but declined the sole bid. On 14 September 2012, the IPL governing council terminated the Chargers for breaching contract terms. The Sun TV Network won the bid for the Hyderabad franchise, the BCCI confirmed on 25 October 2012. The new team was named the Sunrisers Hyderabad.
Contents
1 Franchise history
1.1 Franchise termination
2 Indian Premier League
2.1 2008 season
2.1.1 Players
2.1.2 Performance
2.2 2009 season
2.2.1 New administration and support staff
2.2.2 Tradings
2.2.3 New signings
2.2.4 Performance
2.3 2010 season
2.3.1 New Signing
2.3.2 Performance
2.4 2011 season
2.4.1 New Signings
2.4.2 Performance
2.5 2012 season
2.5.1 New signings and tradings
2.5.2 Performance
3 Champions League Twenty20
3.1 2009 season
4 Honours
5 Squad and administration
5.1 2012 squad
5.2 Administration
6 Player Salaries
7 Team Sponsors
8 Former squad
9 Fixtures and results
9.1 Overall results
9.2 2008 IPL season
9.3 2009 IPL season
9.4 2009 Champions League Twenty20
9.5 2010 IPL season
9.6 2011 IPL season
9.7 2012 IPL season
10 Awards, records and statistics
10.1 Awards won
10.2 Results summary
10.3 Most catches
10.4 Records
11 References
12 External links
Franchise history
The Hyderabad franchise was bought by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. The media group acquired the franchise for an amount of USD 107 million on 24 January 2008. The Chargers logo is a charging bull. From the 2009 season, the team changed the colour of the jersey (from beige and black to sparkling silver and blue) and the logo (from gold and red to white and blue). There was no Icon Player for the team as the former captain V.V.S. Laxman rejected the offer to be an icon player in order to free funds and enable the franchise to buy and encourage younger players.
Franchise termination
Due to financial problems Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd, the team owner of Deccan Chargers announced an sale of their team by auction. The sale, announced in a newspaper advertisement on Thursday, will be through a bidding process that will be completed on 13 September, with the winning bid announced on the same day. However the auction for the franchise on 13 September 2012 has ended with no results as the team's owners rejecting the sole bid they received from PVP Ventures. It was reported that Deccan Chargers owner rejected the bid by PVP ventures as DCHL's bankers were not happy with PVP's plan to divide the bid amount in two parts over the next ten years. Later on 14 September 2012, the BCCI announced that the Deccan Chargers IPL franchise was terminated due to various violations of BCCI codes by DCHL and the tender will be called for new team. DCHL moved to court to sort their issues with BCCI on termination.
Indian Premier League
2008 season
Players
The franchise initially acquired star players Adam Gilchrist, Andrew Symonds, Shahid Afridi, Scott Styris and Herschelle Gibbs. The main bowlers purchased by the franchise were R.P. Singh, Nuwan Zoysa and Chaminda Vaas. The other Indian players are Rohit Sharma, Venugopal Rao, Pragyan Ojha.
Performance
Despite the fact that the team was one of the favorites to win the inaugural edition of the IPL, the team failed to reach the semi-finals. Andrew Symonds, who was Deccan's most expensive player, batted only 3 innings before leaving to play for the Australian national team. In addition,the team captain V.V.S. Laxman had an injury which ended his season after 6 games. Only three bowlers R. P. Singh, Pragyan Ojha and Shahid Afridi took more than 4 wickets in the competition. In this 14 match period, the team went on a losing streak at home and only managed 2 wins overall, one against the Mumbai Indians and one against the Chennai Super Kings and as a result they finished at the bottom of the table.
2009 season
New administration and support staff
After the debacle of 2008, the team management sacked the entire administration associated with the tournament in that year. They removed their CEO J. Kalyan Krishnan, Coach Robin Singh and the Captain V.V.S. Laxman and replaced them with Tim Wright, the former Australian batsman Darren Lehmann and former Australian Wicket-Keeper Adam Gilchrist respectively. Many new players were taken from domestic circuit and also few new international players were signed. The 2008 sponsor Jaypee Group withdrew its sponsorship due to the 2008 debacle. After this, Deccan chargers went through a complete makeover from the previous season, colors of the team were changed from pale brown to vibrant blue, the logo was changed to display a more vibrant charging bull and Deccan Chronicle became the primary sponsor for the team.
Tradings
In low key trading of players, the Deccan Chargers management had placed Shahid Afridi and Herschelle Gibbs up for sale, a direct result of their below par performance during the 2008 season. However, no franchise owners were interested in purchasing these two players. Later, the Deccan Chargers management severed all ties with Shahid Afridi, due to his disagreement with former team captain V.V.S. Laxman. Also, Former Indian all-rounder Sanjay Bangar was transferred to the Kolkata Knight Riders.
New signings
Before the second player auction took place the management signed Queensland all-rounder Ryan Harris owing to a strong recommendation from Coach Darren Lehmann. In the resulting auction the Deccan Chargers franchise acquired two West Indian players, Fidel Edwards for a fee of $150,000, and Dwayne Smith for $100,000. Seven new domestic players were also signed up; Tirumalasetti Suman and Abhinav Kumar who are batsmen, bowler Shoaib Maqsusi from the Hyderabad team signed after their consistent performances on the domestic circuit. Baroda batsman Azhar Bilakhia and two fast bowlers from Punjab, Jaskarandeep Singh and Harmeet Singh.
Performance
With the below-par performance in the inaugural season and finishing at the bottom, Deccan staged an inspired comeback in 2009 by winning the second IPL season. After having an undefeated run in the initial league stage, the team suffered minor setbacks by losing some close matches. But the return of Andrew Symonds, Rohit Sharma regaining form and the continuing exuberance of captain Adam Gilchrist bolstered the side. Some luck came in Charger's way towards the end of the league stage, with Kings Punjab and Rajasthan Royals losing key matches, enabling the Chargers into the semi-finals. During the semi-finals against the Delhi Daredevils, who were at the top of the table, few gave the Chargers a chance of an outside win. But against the odds, Gilchrist scored a sensational 85 off just 35 balls to put the Daredevils out of the competition and give the Chargers their first IPL final against the Royal Challengers Bangalore.
In the final match, Gilchrist got out for a duck in the first over, however the Chargers managed to recover and posted a total of 143 for the loss of 6 wickets. Many felt that a good defending total could have been a further 20–30 runs. The Chargers came out with all guns blazing right from the first ball, and this spirited effort ensured that they successfully defended the total, winning the game by 6 runs and lifting the prized IPL trophy.
2010 season
On 11 August 2009, Dinesh Wadhwa, former Regional Manager of ICICI Bank was appointed chief operating officer for 2010.
New Signing
Foreign Inclusions-
Kemar Roach, Mitchell Marsh
Domestic Inclusions-
Anirudh Singh, Mohnish Mishra, Ashish Reddy, Bodapati Sumanth, Rahul Sharma
Contracts Bought Out
Chamara Silva, Nuwan Zoysa
Performance
After winning 2009, there were lots of expectations on Chargers. Team opened with a loss in their inaugural match against KKR but subsequently won next 3 matches. But thereafter Chargers went on to lose the next 5 matches. With a situation where many doubted whether Chargers will be able to make to next round but it has made it by winning next 5 consecutive matches and qualifying for playoffs. But Chargers lost both games in play offs i.e. Semifinals and 3rd place.
2011 season
Before the start of auction Chargers decided not to retain any players and have put all the players in auction. The much awaited Auction on 8 and 9 January 2011 lived up to the expectation; in fact it exceeded in many ways. Daniel Christian was termed as million dollar baby as he was hardly known to the world cricket at that point of time. Chargers did pick very good players in Cameron White, JP Duminy, Ishant Sharma, Dale Steyn and skipper Kumar Sangakkara. But at the same time Chargers lost many of Indian players such RP Singh and Rohit Sharma as well as Australians Andrew Symonds and Adam Gilchrist.
New Signings
Foreign Inclusions-
Kumar Sangakkara, Cameron White, Dale Steyn, Michael Lumb, Daniel Christian, Rusty Theron, JP Duminy, Chris Lynn
Indian Players Inclusions-
Capped Players Shikhar Dhawan, Ishant Sharma, Harmeet Singh, Pragyan Ojha, Amit Mishra, Manpreet Gony
Uncapped Players Bharat Chipli, Ishan Malhotra, Ishank Jaggi, Sunny Sohal, Jaydev Shah, Prem Vardhan, Anand Rajan, Kedar Devdhar, Dwaraka Ravi Teja, Arjun Yadav, Ashish Reddy and Akash Bhandari.
Performance
Team started the campaign by losing first 2 games but team won next match. Thereafter team started losing badly despite winning some games and was therefore eliminated from the competition. But team bounced back by showing pride by winning final 3 matches which didn't allow a chance for other teams for qualifiers. Team disappointing performance was clearly due to inexperience in the squad especially due to lack of Indian international batsmen. Fans of DC have criticized management for not holding back Rohit Sharma during player retention. Chargers got to play IPL matches at Hyderabad after almost 3 years, but dismal performance at their home ground continued with a win against RCB being the only exception. However in the away matches, Chargers did manage to beat Delhi Daredevils, Mumbai Indians, Knight Riders, Pune Warriors and Kings XI. They ended on a high with 3 consecutive wins but could not scale above 7th position in the league standings.
2012 season
In 2012 Indian Premier League, Chargers named new fielding coach Trevor Penney replacing Mike Young.
New signings and tradings
In the trading window which opened in December, Chargers traded off Kevin Pietersen, Harmeet Singh and Pragyan Ojha to Delhi Daredevils, Kings XI Punjab, Mumbai Indians respectively. During player auctions, Chargers had tried to bid Ravindra Jadeja for entire $2m but eventually lost to the Super Kings in tie breaker. Later they acquired following players-
Players Acquired- Daniel Harris – $70,000 Darren Bravo – $100,000 Parthiv Patel – $650,000 After the auction, they signed up a few uncapped players such as TP Sudhindra, Tanmay Srivastava, Biplab Samantray, Akshath Reddy and Ashish Reddy owing to their strong domestic performances.
Contracts Bought out- Michael Lumb, Jaydev Shah, Ishan Malhotra
Performance
The Chargers failed to deliver on a consistent basis in 2012 with narrow and consecutive defeats. Shikhar Dhawan, Dale Steyn and Cameron White were the only players who helped the team put up a fight. Team weakness was the bowling and fielding department, with fast bowler Ishant Sharma being ruled out due to injury and spinner Pragyan Ojha traded to Mumbai Indians. Deccan finished eighth out of the nine teams in the league stage points table, after languishing at the bottom for most part of the season. Deccan Chargers came into the season being characterized as 'underdogs', and they are yet to lose that name.
Champions League Twenty20
Main article: Twenty20 Champions League
The Twenty20 Champions League is an international Twenty20 cricket competition between clubs from India, Australia, England, South Africa, Sri Lanka, New Zealand and West Indies. The competition was launched in 2008 as a response to the success of national Twenty20 domestic cricket leagues, most notably the Indian Premier League
2009 season
Main article: 2009 Twenty20 Champions League
On account of emerging as the winners of the 2009 season of the Indian Premier League, the team participated in the inaugural edition of the T20 Champions League, along with two other Indian teams; the runners-up of IPL 2009, Royal Challengers Bangalore, and Delhi Daredevils, the toppers of the league-stage points table.
They were knocked out in the group stages after losing to the Somerset Sabres and Trinidad & Tobago, who they were drawn against in Group A.
Honours
Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20
2008 Group stage Cancelled (DNQ)
2009 Champions Group stage
2010 Semi finals DNQ
2011 Group stage DNQ
2012 Group stage DNQ
DNQ = Did Not Qualify
Squad and administration
2012 squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold.
No. Name Nat Birth date Batting Style Bowling Style Notes
Batsmen
06 Bharat Chipli India 27 January 1983 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm medium
07 Cameron White Australia 18 August 1983 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm leg break Vice-captain
12 Abhishek Jhunjhunwala India 1 December 1982 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm off break
21 JP Duminy South Africa 14 April 1984 (age 29) Left-handed Right-arm off break Overseas
25 Shikhar Dhawan India 15 December 1985 (age 27) Left-handed Right-arm off break
27 Akshath Reddy India 11 February 1991 (age 22) Right-handed Right-arm leg break
50 Chris Lynn Australia 10 April 1990 (age 23) Right-handed Slow left arm orthodox Overseas
69 Dwaraka Ravi Teja India 5 September 1987 (age 26) Right-handed Right-arm leg break
All-rounders
14 Ashish Reddy India 24 February 1991 (age 22) Right-handed Right-arm medium
52 Biplab Samantray India 14 December 1988 (age 24) Right-handed Right-arm medium
Wicket-keepers
11 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 27 October 1977 (age 35) Left-handed Right-arm off break Captain
42 Parthiv Patel India 9 March 1985 (age 28) Left-handed Right-arm off break
Bowlers
01 Ishant Sharma India 2 September 1988 (age 25) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium
02 Rusty Theron South Africa 24 June 1985 (age 28) Left-handed Right-arm medium-fast Overseas
05 Ankit Sharma India 20 April 1991 (age 22) Left-handed Slow left arm orthodox
08 Dale Steyn South Africa 27 June 1983 (age 30) Right-handed Right arm fast Overseas
09 Anand Rajan India 17 April 1987 (age 26) Right-handed Right-arm medium-fast
72 Veer Pratap Singh India 3 May 1992 (age 21) Right-handed medium-fast
99 Amit Mishra India 24 November 1982 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm leg break
Administration
Position Name
Owner India Deccan Chronicle
Co-owner India Gayatri Reddy
COO & Director, Operation India E. Venkatram Reddy
General Manager, Operation India Girish Dongre
Manager – Brand & Marketing India Ajitabh Rajan
Laison Manager India Malakonda Reddy
Media Coordinator India Manjula.H
Social Media and Online Communications India Kris Ankem
Brand Ambassador India Saina Nehwal, Sabyasachi Mishra, and Archita Sahu
Player Salaries
Nat Player Year Contract
Signed / Renewed Salary
South Africa Dale Steyn 2011 $ 1,200,000
Australia Cameron White 2011 $ 1,100,000
Australia Dan Christian 2011 $ 900,000
Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara 2011 $ 700,000
India Parthiv Patel 2012 $ 650,000
India Ishant Sharma 2011 $ 450,000
South Africa JP Duminy 2011 $ 300,000
India Shikhar Dhawan 2011 $ 300,000
India Amit Mishra 2011 $ 300,000
India Manpreet Gony 2011 $ 290,000
Trinidad and Tobago Darren Bravo 2012 $ 100,000
South Africa Juan Theron 2011 $ 85,000
Australia Daniel Harris 2012 $ 70,000
India Tanmay Mishra 2012 $ 20,000
Australia Chris Lynn 2011 $ 20,000
Team Sponsors
Team Sponsors Table
Sponsor Type Sponsor Name
Team Sponsor Fly Emirates
Principal Sponsor Jaypee Cement
Apparel Sponsor Puma AG
Print Media Partner Deccan Chronicle
Electronic Media Partner TV5
Radio Media Partner BIG FM 92.7
Magazine Partner Yo Vizag
Medical Partner Apollo Hospitals
Fan Friendzy Partner McDowell's No.1
Good Times Partner Kingfisher Premium
Mischief Partner White Mischief
Pouring Partner Coca-Cola
Motor Bike Partner TVS
Eye-Wear Partner Oakley
Ticketing Partner Ticket Genie
Outdoor Partner Ticketgenie
Entertainment Partner DNA Networks
Mobile Partner Mojostreet
Spa Partner Opium Spa
Hospitality Partner Agon Hospitality
Gym Partner Burn Fitness Port
Tablet PC Partner Muffin Innovations
Deodorant Partner Xenoh
Former squad
Former Chargers Roster view talk edit
Foreign Players
-- England Kevin Pietersen
18 Australia Adam Gilchrist
08 South Africa Herschelle Gibbs
63 Australia Andrew Symonds
07 Australia Ryan Harris
20 Australia Mitchell Marsh
15 Barbados Fidel Edwards
22 Sri Lanka Chaminda Vaas
-- Sri Lanka Chamara Silva
23 Sri Lanka Nuwan Zoysa
25 Barbados Kemar Roach
50 Barbados Dwayne Smith
56 New Zealand Scott Styris
10 Pakistan Shahid Afridi
Indian Players
19 India V. V. S. Laxman
45 India Rohit Sharma
30 India Pragyan Ojha
09 India R. P. Singh
02 India Tirumalasetti Suman
03 India Harmeet Singh
36 India Yalaka Venugopal Rao
-- India Sanjay Bangar
26 India Arjun Yadav
44 India Azhar Bilakhia
84 India Mohnish Mishra
99 India Anirudh Singh
10 India Jaskaran Singh
70 India Rahul Sharma
Fixtures and results
Overall results
Summary of results
Played Wins Losses Tied Win % Position
IPL
2008 14 2 12 0 14% 8/8
2009 16 9 7 0 56% 1/8
2010 16 8 8 0 50% 4/8
2011 14 6 8 0 42% 7/10
2012 15 4 11 0 26.67% 8/9
Total 75 29 46 0 38.67%
Champions League T20
2009 2 0 2 0 0% 10/12
Total 2 0 2 0 0%
Overall
Overall 77 29 48 0 37.67%
2008 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 20 April 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 5 wickets
2 22 April 2008 Delhi Daredevils Hyderabad Lost by 9 wickets
3 24 April 2008 Rajasthan Royals Hyderabad Lost by 3 wickets
4 27 April 2008 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 Wickets; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist 109* (48)
5 1 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Hyderabad Lost by 7 wickets
6 3 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 3 runs
7 6 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 7 wickets; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist 54 (36)
8 9 May 2008 Rajasthan Royals Jaipur Lost by 8 wickets
9 11 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Hyderabad Lost by 23 runs
10 15 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Lost by 12 runs
11 18 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Hyderabad Lost by 25 runs
12 23 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 6 wickets
13 25 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Hyderabad Lost by 5 wickets
14 27 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Hyderabad Lost by 7 wickets
Overall Record of 2 – 12
Failed to make Semifinals, ended 8/8
2009 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 19 April 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Cape Town Won by 8 wickets; MoM – India R. P. Singh 4/22 (3.4 overs)
2 22 April 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Cape Town Won by 24 Runs; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist – 71 (45)
3 25 April 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Won by 12 Runs; MoM – India Pragyan Ojha 3/21 (4 Overs)
4 27 April 2009 Chennai Super Kings Durban Won by 6 wickets; MoM – South Africa H Gibbs 69 (56 )
5 30 April 2009 Delhi Daredevils Centurion Lost by 6 wickets
6 2 May 2009 Rajasthan Royals Port Elizabeth Lost by 3 wickets
7 4 May 2009 Chennai Super Kings East London Lost by 78 runs
8 6 May 2009 Mumbai Indians Centurion Won by 19 Runs; MoM – India Rohit Sharma 38 (36), 4/6 (2 overs)
9 9 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Kimberley Lost by 3 Wickets
10 11 May 2009 Rajasthan Royals Kimberley Won by 53 runs; MoM – Barbados Dwayne Smith 47 (32)
11 13 May 2009 Delhi Daredevils Durban Lost by 12 runs
12 16 May 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Johannesburg Won by 6 wickets; MoM – India Rohit Sharma 32 (13)
13 17 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Johannesburg Lost by 1 run
14 21 May 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Centurion Lost by 12 runs
15 22 May 2009 (Semi final) Delhi Daredevils Centurion Won by 6 wickets; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist – 85 (35}
16 24 May 2009 (Final) Royal Challengers Bangalore Johannesburg Won by 6 runs
Overall Record of 9 – 7
Champions of the 2009 Indian Premier League
Qualified for 2009 Champions League Twenty20
2009 Champions League Twenty20
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 10 October 2009 England Somerset Hyderabad Lost by 1 wicket
2 14 October 2009 Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Hyderabad Lost by 3 runs
Overall Record of 0 – 2
Failed to make League stage
2010 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 12 March 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Navi Mumbai Lost by 11 Runs
2 14 March 2010 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 31 Runs; MoM – Sri Lanka Chaminda Vaas 4/21 (4 overs)
3 19 March 2010 Kings XI Punjab Cuttack Won by 6 Runs; MoM – Australia Andrew Symonds 53 (38), 1/22 (4 overs)
4 21 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils Cuttack Won by 10 Runs; MoM – Australia Andrew Symonds 35 (24), 3/21 (4 overs)
5 26 March 2010 Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad Lost by 8 wickets
6 28 March 2010 Mumbai Indians Navi Mumbai Lost by 41 Runs
7 1 April 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 24 Runs
8 3 April 2010 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 63 Runs
9 5 April 2010 Rajasthan Royals Nagpur Lost by 2 Runs
10 8 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 7 wickets; MoM – India Tirumalasetti Suman 78 (57)
11 10 April 2010 Chennai Super Kings Nagpur Won by 6 wickets; MoM – Australia Ryan Harris 3/18 (4 overs)
12 12 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Nagpur Won by 13 runs; MoM – India Harmeet Singh 2/24 (4 overs)
13 15 April 2010 Kings XI Punjab Dharamsala Won by 5 wickets; MoM – India Rohit Sharma 68* (38)
14 18 April 2010 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 11 Runs; MoM – Australia Andrew Symonds 54 (30)
15 22 April 2010 (Semi Final) Chennai Super Kings Navi Mumbai Lost by 38 Runs
16 24 April 2010 (3rd Place Play-off) Royal Challengers Bangalore Navi Mumbai Lost by 9 Wickets
Overall Record of 8 – 8
Failed to make Finals and ended 4/8
2011 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 9 April 2011 Rajasthan Royals Hyderabad Lost by 8 wickets
2 11 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 9 runs
3 14 April 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Hyderabad Won by 33 runs; MoM – South Africa Dale Steyn 3/24 (4 overs)
4 16 April 2011 Kings XI Punjab Hyderabad Lost by 8 wickets
5 19 April 2011 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 16 Runs; MoM – India Sunny Sohal 62 (41)
6 24 April 2011 Mumbai Indians Hyderabad Lost by 37 Runs
7 27 April 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Kochi Won by 55 runs; MoM – India Ishant Sharma 5/12 (3 overs)
8 1 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 19 Runs
9 3 May 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Hyderabad Lost by 20 runs
10 5 May 2011 Delhi Daredevils Hyderabad Lost by 4 wickets
11 10 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Hyderabad Lost by 6 wickets
12 14 May 2011 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 runs; MoM – India Amit Mishra 18 (6), 1/18 (4 overs)
13 16 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Navi Mumbai Won by 6 wickets; MoM – India Amit Mishra 2/26 (4 overs)
14 21 May 2011 Kings XI Punjab Dharamsala Won by 82 runs; MoM – India S Dhawan 95* (57)
Overall Record of 6 – 8
Failed to make it to Playoffs, ended 7/10
2012 IPL season
Main article: 2012 Indian Premier League
Due to the disbanding of Kochi Tuskers Kerala, each team will play the remaining eight teams twice, once at home and once away. Therefore each team will play 16 matches.
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 7 April 2012 Chennai Super Kings Vishakapatnam Lost by 74 Runs
2 9 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Vishakapatnam Lost by 5 wickets
3 17 April 2012 Rajasthan Royals Jaipur Lost by 5 wickets
4 19 April 2012 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 5 wickets
5 22 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Cuttack Lost by 5 wickets
6 24 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Match abandoned without a ball bowled
7 26 April 2012 Pune Warriors India Pune Won by 18 runs; MoM – Australia Cameron White 78 (46)
8 29 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 5 wickets
9 1 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Cuttack Won by 13 runs; MoM – Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara 82 (52)
10 4 May 2012 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 5 wickets
11 6 May 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 5 Wickets
12 8 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Hyderabad Lost by 25 runs
13 10 May 2012 Delhi Daredevils Hyderabad Lost by 9 wickets
14 13 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 4 wickets
15 18 May 2012 Rajasthan Royals Hyderabad Won by 5 wickets; MoM – South Africa Dale Steyn 2/16 (4 overs)
16 20 May 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Hyderabad Won by 9 runs; MoM – South Africa Dale Steyn 3/8 (4 overs)
Overall Record of 4 – 11 (one match abandoned due to rain)
Failed to make it to Playoffs, ended 8/9
Awards, records and statistics
Awards won
Award Player name Year Achievement
Player of the Tournament Adam Gilchrist 2009 495 Runs and 15 dismissals
Under-23 Success of the Tournament Rohit Sharma 2009 362 runs and 11 wickets ( including a hat-trick )
Purple Cap RP Singh 2009 23 Wickets
Purple Cap Pragyan Ojha 2010 21 Wickets
Results summary
Opposition Span Mat Won Lost Tied NR %
IPL
India Chennai Super Kings 2008–2011 10 4 6 0 0 40.00
India Delhi Daredevils 2008–2011 11 4 7 0 0 42.85
India Kings XI Punjab 2008–2011 10 3 7 0 0 30.00
India Kolkata Knight Riders 2008–2011 9 2 7 0 0 22.57
India Mumbai Indians 2008–2011 10 4 6 0 0 40.00
India Rajasthan Royals 2008–2011 9 2 7 0 0 22.29
India Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008–2011 11 6 5 0 0 55.56
India Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
India Pune Warriors India 2011–2012 4 3 1 0 0 75.00
Champions League T20
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad & Tobago 2009-2009 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
England Somerset Sabres 2009–2009 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
Kochi played only 14 T20s and are now defunct
Most catches
Player Span Mat Inns Ct Max Ct/Inn
Herschelle Gibbs 2008–2010 33 33 22 2 0.666
Rohit Sharma 2008–2010 45 45 22 3 0.488
Andrew Symonds 2008–2010 28 28 16 2 0.571
RP Singh 2008–2010 42 42 16 3 0.380
Ryan Harris 2009–2010 15 16 10 2 0.625
Pragyan Ojha 2008–2010 44 44 9 2 0.204
Venugopal Rao 2008–2010 33 33 7 2 0.212
Records
Adam Gilchrist holds the record for Highest number of sixes hit in all the IPL matches. He has hit 54 sixes until now.
Gilchrist held the records for scoring the fastest hundred and fifty in IPL for the 2008 and 2009 seasons, though Yusuf Pathan broke the record for scoring the fastest century in the 2010 IPL.
155 – The highest partnership for any wicket in IPL was made by Adam Gilchrist and VVS Laxman for the first wicket against Mumbai Indians.
Deccan Chargers did not win a single home game in the IPL 2008 or CLT20 2009.
Won their first match at Hyderabad against Royal Challengers Bengalore in IPL 2011.
References
Jump up ^ Hyderabad IPL team named Deccan Chargers: Cricket Next
Jump up ^ "India Cricket News: BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Sun TV Network win Hyderabad IPL franchise". Wisden India. 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sun Risers to represent Hyderabad in IPL". Wisden India. 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Group M to pick up 20% in Hyderabad IPL team". 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
Jump up ^ DC unleashes war cry | Deccan Chargers
Jump up ^ "Deccan Chargers franchise up for sale". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Deccan Chargers reject sole bid for franchise". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ ESPN, CRICINFO. "BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582379.html". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the team that replaced the Deccan Chargers in late 2012, see Sunrisers Hyderabad.
Deccan Chargers (Hyderabad)
HyderabadDeccanChargers.png
City: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Owner: Deccan Chronicle
Founded: 2008
Dissolved: 2012
Home ground:
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium
(Capacity: 40,000)
ACA-VDCA Stadium
(Capacity: 25,000)
Barabati Stadium
(Capacity: 45,000)
IPL wins: 1 (2009)
CLT20 wins: 0 (Qualified 2009)
Official website: Deccan Chargers
The Deccan Chargers (Telugu: డెక్కన్ ఛార్జర్స్ ), known in short as DC, was a cricket franchise based in the city of Hyderabad in the Indian Premier League. The team was one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008 and was owned by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. After finishing last in the first season of the IPL, they won the second season held in South Africa in 2009 under the captaincy of former Australian wicket-keeper batsman Adam Gilchrist. Gilchrist was the captain of the team for the first three seasons of the IPL. From the fourth season, Kumar Sangakkara has been leading the team and Cameron White has been playing as his deputy. The team was coached by Darren Lehmann, former Australian cricketer.
The owners put the franchise up for sale in 2012 but declined the sole bid. On 14 September 2012, the IPL governing council terminated the Chargers for breaching contract terms. The Sun TV Network won the bid for the Hyderabad franchise, the BCCI confirmed on 25 October 2012. The new team was named the Sunrisers Hyderabad.
Contents
1 Franchise history
1.1 Franchise termination
2 Indian Premier League
2.1 2008 season
2.1.1 Players
2.1.2 Performance
2.2 2009 season
2.2.1 New administration and support staff
2.2.2 Tradings
2.2.3 New signings
2.2.4 Performance
2.3 2010 season
2.3.1 New Signing
2.3.2 Performance
2.4 2011 season
2.4.1 New Signings
2.4.2 Performance
2.5 2012 season
2.5.1 New signings and tradings
2.5.2 Performance
3 Champions League Twenty20
3.1 2009 season
4 Honours
5 Squad and administration
5.1 2012 squad
5.2 Administration
6 Player Salaries
7 Team Sponsors
8 Former squad
9 Fixtures and results
9.1 Overall results
9.2 2008 IPL season
9.3 2009 IPL season
9.4 2009 Champions League Twenty20
9.5 2010 IPL season
9.6 2011 IPL season
9.7 2012 IPL season
10 Awards, records and statistics
10.1 Awards won
10.2 Results summary
10.3 Most catches
10.4 Records
11 References
12 External links
Franchise history
The Hyderabad franchise was bought by Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd. The media group acquired the franchise for an amount of USD 107 million on 24 January 2008. The Chargers logo is a charging bull. From the 2009 season, the team changed the colour of the jersey (from beige and black to sparkling silver and blue) and the logo (from gold and red to white and blue). There was no Icon Player for the team as the former captain V.V.S. Laxman rejected the offer to be an icon player in order to free funds and enable the franchise to buy and encourage younger players.
Franchise termination
Due to financial problems Deccan Chronicle Holdings Ltd, the team owner of Deccan Chargers announced an sale of their team by auction. The sale, announced in a newspaper advertisement on Thursday, will be through a bidding process that will be completed on 13 September, with the winning bid announced on the same day. However the auction for the franchise on 13 September 2012 has ended with no results as the team's owners rejecting the sole bid they received from PVP Ventures. It was reported that Deccan Chargers owner rejected the bid by PVP ventures as DCHL's bankers were not happy with PVP's plan to divide the bid amount in two parts over the next ten years. Later on 14 September 2012, the BCCI announced that the Deccan Chargers IPL franchise was terminated due to various violations of BCCI codes by DCHL and the tender will be called for new team. DCHL moved to court to sort their issues with BCCI on termination.
Indian Premier League
2008 season
Players
The franchise initially acquired star players Adam Gilchrist, Andrew Symonds, Shahid Afridi, Scott Styris and Herschelle Gibbs. The main bowlers purchased by the franchise were R.P. Singh, Nuwan Zoysa and Chaminda Vaas. The other Indian players are Rohit Sharma, Venugopal Rao, Pragyan Ojha.
Performance
Despite the fact that the team was one of the favorites to win the inaugural edition of the IPL, the team failed to reach the semi-finals. Andrew Symonds, who was Deccan's most expensive player, batted only 3 innings before leaving to play for the Australian national team. In addition,the team captain V.V.S. Laxman had an injury which ended his season after 6 games. Only three bowlers R. P. Singh, Pragyan Ojha and Shahid Afridi took more than 4 wickets in the competition. In this 14 match period, the team went on a losing streak at home and only managed 2 wins overall, one against the Mumbai Indians and one against the Chennai Super Kings and as a result they finished at the bottom of the table.
2009 season
New administration and support staff
After the debacle of 2008, the team management sacked the entire administration associated with the tournament in that year. They removed their CEO J. Kalyan Krishnan, Coach Robin Singh and the Captain V.V.S. Laxman and replaced them with Tim Wright, the former Australian batsman Darren Lehmann and former Australian Wicket-Keeper Adam Gilchrist respectively. Many new players were taken from domestic circuit and also few new international players were signed. The 2008 sponsor Jaypee Group withdrew its sponsorship due to the 2008 debacle. After this, Deccan chargers went through a complete makeover from the previous season, colors of the team were changed from pale brown to vibrant blue, the logo was changed to display a more vibrant charging bull and Deccan Chronicle became the primary sponsor for the team.
Tradings
In low key trading of players, the Deccan Chargers management had placed Shahid Afridi and Herschelle Gibbs up for sale, a direct result of their below par performance during the 2008 season. However, no franchise owners were interested in purchasing these two players. Later, the Deccan Chargers management severed all ties with Shahid Afridi, due to his disagreement with former team captain V.V.S. Laxman. Also, Former Indian all-rounder Sanjay Bangar was transferred to the Kolkata Knight Riders.
New signings
Before the second player auction took place the management signed Queensland all-rounder Ryan Harris owing to a strong recommendation from Coach Darren Lehmann. In the resulting auction the Deccan Chargers franchise acquired two West Indian players, Fidel Edwards for a fee of $150,000, and Dwayne Smith for $100,000. Seven new domestic players were also signed up; Tirumalasetti Suman and Abhinav Kumar who are batsmen, bowler Shoaib Maqsusi from the Hyderabad team signed after their consistent performances on the domestic circuit. Baroda batsman Azhar Bilakhia and two fast bowlers from Punjab, Jaskarandeep Singh and Harmeet Singh.
Performance
With the below-par performance in the inaugural season and finishing at the bottom, Deccan staged an inspired comeback in 2009 by winning the second IPL season. After having an undefeated run in the initial league stage, the team suffered minor setbacks by losing some close matches. But the return of Andrew Symonds, Rohit Sharma regaining form and the continuing exuberance of captain Adam Gilchrist bolstered the side. Some luck came in Charger's way towards the end of the league stage, with Kings Punjab and Rajasthan Royals losing key matches, enabling the Chargers into the semi-finals. During the semi-finals against the Delhi Daredevils, who were at the top of the table, few gave the Chargers a chance of an outside win. But against the odds, Gilchrist scored a sensational 85 off just 35 balls to put the Daredevils out of the competition and give the Chargers their first IPL final against the Royal Challengers Bangalore.
In the final match, Gilchrist got out for a duck in the first over, however the Chargers managed to recover and posted a total of 143 for the loss of 6 wickets. Many felt that a good defending total could have been a further 20–30 runs. The Chargers came out with all guns blazing right from the first ball, and this spirited effort ensured that they successfully defended the total, winning the game by 6 runs and lifting the prized IPL trophy.
2010 season
On 11 August 2009, Dinesh Wadhwa, former Regional Manager of ICICI Bank was appointed chief operating officer for 2010.
New Signing
Foreign Inclusions-
Kemar Roach, Mitchell Marsh
Domestic Inclusions-
Anirudh Singh, Mohnish Mishra, Ashish Reddy, Bodapati Sumanth, Rahul Sharma
Contracts Bought Out
Chamara Silva, Nuwan Zoysa
Performance
After winning 2009, there were lots of expectations on Chargers. Team opened with a loss in their inaugural match against KKR but subsequently won next 3 matches. But thereafter Chargers went on to lose the next 5 matches. With a situation where many doubted whether Chargers will be able to make to next round but it has made it by winning next 5 consecutive matches and qualifying for playoffs. But Chargers lost both games in play offs i.e. Semifinals and 3rd place.
2011 season
Before the start of auction Chargers decided not to retain any players and have put all the players in auction. The much awaited Auction on 8 and 9 January 2011 lived up to the expectation; in fact it exceeded in many ways. Daniel Christian was termed as million dollar baby as he was hardly known to the world cricket at that point of time. Chargers did pick very good players in Cameron White, JP Duminy, Ishant Sharma, Dale Steyn and skipper Kumar Sangakkara. But at the same time Chargers lost many of Indian players such RP Singh and Rohit Sharma as well as Australians Andrew Symonds and Adam Gilchrist.
New Signings
Foreign Inclusions-
Kumar Sangakkara, Cameron White, Dale Steyn, Michael Lumb, Daniel Christian, Rusty Theron, JP Duminy, Chris Lynn
Indian Players Inclusions-
Capped Players Shikhar Dhawan, Ishant Sharma, Harmeet Singh, Pragyan Ojha, Amit Mishra, Manpreet Gony
Uncapped Players Bharat Chipli, Ishan Malhotra, Ishank Jaggi, Sunny Sohal, Jaydev Shah, Prem Vardhan, Anand Rajan, Kedar Devdhar, Dwaraka Ravi Teja, Arjun Yadav, Ashish Reddy and Akash Bhandari.
Performance
Team started the campaign by losing first 2 games but team won next match. Thereafter team started losing badly despite winning some games and was therefore eliminated from the competition. But team bounced back by showing pride by winning final 3 matches which didn't allow a chance for other teams for qualifiers. Team disappointing performance was clearly due to inexperience in the squad especially due to lack of Indian international batsmen. Fans of DC have criticized management for not holding back Rohit Sharma during player retention. Chargers got to play IPL matches at Hyderabad after almost 3 years, but dismal performance at their home ground continued with a win against RCB being the only exception. However in the away matches, Chargers did manage to beat Delhi Daredevils, Mumbai Indians, Knight Riders, Pune Warriors and Kings XI. They ended on a high with 3 consecutive wins but could not scale above 7th position in the league standings.
2012 season
In 2012 Indian Premier League, Chargers named new fielding coach Trevor Penney replacing Mike Young.
New signings and tradings
In the trading window which opened in December, Chargers traded off Kevin Pietersen, Harmeet Singh and Pragyan Ojha to Delhi Daredevils, Kings XI Punjab, Mumbai Indians respectively. During player auctions, Chargers had tried to bid Ravindra Jadeja for entire $2m but eventually lost to the Super Kings in tie breaker. Later they acquired following players-
Players Acquired- Daniel Harris – $70,000 Darren Bravo – $100,000 Parthiv Patel – $650,000 After the auction, they signed up a few uncapped players such as TP Sudhindra, Tanmay Srivastava, Biplab Samantray, Akshath Reddy and Ashish Reddy owing to their strong domestic performances.
Contracts Bought out- Michael Lumb, Jaydev Shah, Ishan Malhotra
Performance
The Chargers failed to deliver on a consistent basis in 2012 with narrow and consecutive defeats. Shikhar Dhawan, Dale Steyn and Cameron White were the only players who helped the team put up a fight. Team weakness was the bowling and fielding department, with fast bowler Ishant Sharma being ruled out due to injury and spinner Pragyan Ojha traded to Mumbai Indians. Deccan finished eighth out of the nine teams in the league stage points table, after languishing at the bottom for most part of the season. Deccan Chargers came into the season being characterized as 'underdogs', and they are yet to lose that name.
Champions League Twenty20
Main article: Twenty20 Champions League
The Twenty20 Champions League is an international Twenty20 cricket competition between clubs from India, Australia, England, South Africa, Sri Lanka, New Zealand and West Indies. The competition was launched in 2008 as a response to the success of national Twenty20 domestic cricket leagues, most notably the Indian Premier League
2009 season
Main article: 2009 Twenty20 Champions League
On account of emerging as the winners of the 2009 season of the Indian Premier League, the team participated in the inaugural edition of the T20 Champions League, along with two other Indian teams; the runners-up of IPL 2009, Royal Challengers Bangalore, and Delhi Daredevils, the toppers of the league-stage points table.
They were knocked out in the group stages after losing to the Somerset Sabres and Trinidad & Tobago, who they were drawn against in Group A.
Honours
Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20
2008 Group stage Cancelled (DNQ)
2009 Champions Group stage
2010 Semi finals DNQ
2011 Group stage DNQ
2012 Group stage DNQ
DNQ = Did Not Qualify
Squad and administration
2012 squad
Players with international caps are listed in bold.
No. Name Nat Birth date Batting Style Bowling Style Notes
Batsmen
06 Bharat Chipli India 27 January 1983 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm medium
07 Cameron White Australia 18 August 1983 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm leg break Vice-captain
12 Abhishek Jhunjhunwala India 1 December 1982 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm off break
21 JP Duminy South Africa 14 April 1984 (age 29) Left-handed Right-arm off break Overseas
25 Shikhar Dhawan India 15 December 1985 (age 27) Left-handed Right-arm off break
27 Akshath Reddy India 11 February 1991 (age 22) Right-handed Right-arm leg break
50 Chris Lynn Australia 10 April 1990 (age 23) Right-handed Slow left arm orthodox Overseas
69 Dwaraka Ravi Teja India 5 September 1987 (age 26) Right-handed Right-arm leg break
All-rounders
14 Ashish Reddy India 24 February 1991 (age 22) Right-handed Right-arm medium
52 Biplab Samantray India 14 December 1988 (age 24) Right-handed Right-arm medium
Wicket-keepers
11 Kumar Sangakkara Sri Lanka 27 October 1977 (age 35) Left-handed Right-arm off break Captain
42 Parthiv Patel India 9 March 1985 (age 28) Left-handed Right-arm off break
Bowlers
01 Ishant Sharma India 2 September 1988 (age 25) Right-handed Right-arm fast-medium
02 Rusty Theron South Africa 24 June 1985 (age 28) Left-handed Right-arm medium-fast Overseas
05 Ankit Sharma India 20 April 1991 (age 22) Left-handed Slow left arm orthodox
08 Dale Steyn South Africa 27 June 1983 (age 30) Right-handed Right arm fast Overseas
09 Anand Rajan India 17 April 1987 (age 26) Right-handed Right-arm medium-fast
72 Veer Pratap Singh India 3 May 1992 (age 21) Right-handed medium-fast
99 Amit Mishra India 24 November 1982 (age 30) Right-handed Right-arm leg break
Administration
Position Name
Owner India Deccan Chronicle
Co-owner India Gayatri Reddy
COO & Director, Operation India E. Venkatram Reddy
General Manager, Operation India Girish Dongre
Manager – Brand & Marketing India Ajitabh Rajan
Laison Manager India Malakonda Reddy
Media Coordinator India Manjula.H
Social Media and Online Communications India Kris Ankem
Brand Ambassador India Saina Nehwal, Sabyasachi Mishra, and Archita Sahu
Player Salaries
Nat Player Year Contract
Signed / Renewed Salary
South Africa Dale Steyn 2011 $ 1,200,000
Australia Cameron White 2011 $ 1,100,000
Australia Dan Christian 2011 $ 900,000
Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara 2011 $ 700,000
India Parthiv Patel 2012 $ 650,000
India Ishant Sharma 2011 $ 450,000
South Africa JP Duminy 2011 $ 300,000
India Shikhar Dhawan 2011 $ 300,000
India Amit Mishra 2011 $ 300,000
India Manpreet Gony 2011 $ 290,000
Trinidad and Tobago Darren Bravo 2012 $ 100,000
South Africa Juan Theron 2011 $ 85,000
Australia Daniel Harris 2012 $ 70,000
India Tanmay Mishra 2012 $ 20,000
Australia Chris Lynn 2011 $ 20,000
Team Sponsors
Team Sponsors Table
Sponsor Type Sponsor Name
Team Sponsor Fly Emirates
Principal Sponsor Jaypee Cement
Apparel Sponsor Puma AG
Print Media Partner Deccan Chronicle
Electronic Media Partner TV5
Radio Media Partner BIG FM 92.7
Magazine Partner Yo Vizag
Medical Partner Apollo Hospitals
Fan Friendzy Partner McDowell's No.1
Good Times Partner Kingfisher Premium
Mischief Partner White Mischief
Pouring Partner Coca-Cola
Motor Bike Partner TVS
Eye-Wear Partner Oakley
Ticketing Partner Ticket Genie
Outdoor Partner Ticketgenie
Entertainment Partner DNA Networks
Mobile Partner Mojostreet
Spa Partner Opium Spa
Hospitality Partner Agon Hospitality
Gym Partner Burn Fitness Port
Tablet PC Partner Muffin Innovations
Deodorant Partner Xenoh
Former squad
Former Chargers Roster view talk edit
Foreign Players
-- England Kevin Pietersen
18 Australia Adam Gilchrist
08 South Africa Herschelle Gibbs
63 Australia Andrew Symonds
07 Australia Ryan Harris
20 Australia Mitchell Marsh
15 Barbados Fidel Edwards
22 Sri Lanka Chaminda Vaas
-- Sri Lanka Chamara Silva
23 Sri Lanka Nuwan Zoysa
25 Barbados Kemar Roach
50 Barbados Dwayne Smith
56 New Zealand Scott Styris
10 Pakistan Shahid Afridi
Indian Players
19 India V. V. S. Laxman
45 India Rohit Sharma
30 India Pragyan Ojha
09 India R. P. Singh
02 India Tirumalasetti Suman
03 India Harmeet Singh
36 India Yalaka Venugopal Rao
-- India Sanjay Bangar
26 India Arjun Yadav
44 India Azhar Bilakhia
84 India Mohnish Mishra
99 India Anirudh Singh
10 India Jaskaran Singh
70 India Rahul Sharma
Fixtures and results
Overall results
Summary of results
Played Wins Losses Tied Win % Position
IPL
2008 14 2 12 0 14% 8/8
2009 16 9 7 0 56% 1/8
2010 16 8 8 0 50% 4/8
2011 14 6 8 0 42% 7/10
2012 15 4 11 0 26.67% 8/9
Total 75 29 46 0 38.67%
Champions League T20
2009 2 0 2 0 0% 10/12
Total 2 0 2 0 0%
Overall
Overall 77 29 48 0 37.67%
2008 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 20 April 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 5 wickets
2 22 April 2008 Delhi Daredevils Hyderabad Lost by 9 wickets
3 24 April 2008 Rajasthan Royals Hyderabad Lost by 3 wickets
4 27 April 2008 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 Wickets; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist 109* (48)
5 1 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Hyderabad Lost by 7 wickets
6 3 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 3 runs
7 6 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 7 wickets; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist 54 (36)
8 9 May 2008 Rajasthan Royals Jaipur Lost by 8 wickets
9 11 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Hyderabad Lost by 23 runs
10 15 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Lost by 12 runs
11 18 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Hyderabad Lost by 25 runs
12 23 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 6 wickets
13 25 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Hyderabad Lost by 5 wickets
14 27 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Hyderabad Lost by 7 wickets
Overall Record of 2 – 12
Failed to make Semifinals, ended 8/8
2009 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 19 April 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Cape Town Won by 8 wickets; MoM – India R. P. Singh 4/22 (3.4 overs)
2 22 April 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Cape Town Won by 24 Runs; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist – 71 (45)
3 25 April 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Won by 12 Runs; MoM – India Pragyan Ojha 3/21 (4 Overs)
4 27 April 2009 Chennai Super Kings Durban Won by 6 wickets; MoM – South Africa H Gibbs 69 (56 )
5 30 April 2009 Delhi Daredevils Centurion Lost by 6 wickets
6 2 May 2009 Rajasthan Royals Port Elizabeth Lost by 3 wickets
7 4 May 2009 Chennai Super Kings East London Lost by 78 runs
8 6 May 2009 Mumbai Indians Centurion Won by 19 Runs; MoM – India Rohit Sharma 38 (36), 4/6 (2 overs)
9 9 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Kimberley Lost by 3 Wickets
10 11 May 2009 Rajasthan Royals Kimberley Won by 53 runs; MoM – Barbados Dwayne Smith 47 (32)
11 13 May 2009 Delhi Daredevils Durban Lost by 12 runs
12 16 May 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Johannesburg Won by 6 wickets; MoM – India Rohit Sharma 32 (13)
13 17 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Johannesburg Lost by 1 run
14 21 May 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Centurion Lost by 12 runs
15 22 May 2009 (Semi final) Delhi Daredevils Centurion Won by 6 wickets; MoM – Australia Adam Gilchrist – 85 (35}
16 24 May 2009 (Final) Royal Challengers Bangalore Johannesburg Won by 6 runs
Overall Record of 9 – 7
Champions of the 2009 Indian Premier League
Qualified for 2009 Champions League Twenty20
2009 Champions League Twenty20
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 10 October 2009 England Somerset Hyderabad Lost by 1 wicket
2 14 October 2009 Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago Hyderabad Lost by 3 runs
Overall Record of 0 – 2
Failed to make League stage
2010 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 12 March 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Navi Mumbai Lost by 11 Runs
2 14 March 2010 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 31 Runs; MoM – Sri Lanka Chaminda Vaas 4/21 (4 overs)
3 19 March 2010 Kings XI Punjab Cuttack Won by 6 Runs; MoM – Australia Andrew Symonds 53 (38), 1/22 (4 overs)
4 21 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils Cuttack Won by 10 Runs; MoM – Australia Andrew Symonds 35 (24), 3/21 (4 overs)
5 26 March 2010 Rajasthan Royals Ahmedabad Lost by 8 wickets
6 28 March 2010 Mumbai Indians Navi Mumbai Lost by 41 Runs
7 1 April 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 24 Runs
8 3 April 2010 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 63 Runs
9 5 April 2010 Rajasthan Royals Nagpur Lost by 2 Runs
10 8 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 7 wickets; MoM – India Tirumalasetti Suman 78 (57)
11 10 April 2010 Chennai Super Kings Nagpur Won by 6 wickets; MoM – Australia Ryan Harris 3/18 (4 overs)
12 12 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Nagpur Won by 13 runs; MoM – India Harmeet Singh 2/24 (4 overs)
13 15 April 2010 Kings XI Punjab Dharamsala Won by 5 wickets; MoM – India Rohit Sharma 68* (38)
14 18 April 2010 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 11 Runs; MoM – Australia Andrew Symonds 54 (30)
15 22 April 2010 (Semi Final) Chennai Super Kings Navi Mumbai Lost by 38 Runs
16 24 April 2010 (3rd Place Play-off) Royal Challengers Bangalore Navi Mumbai Lost by 9 Wickets
Overall Record of 8 – 8
Failed to make Finals and ended 4/8
2011 IPL season
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 9 April 2011 Rajasthan Royals Hyderabad Lost by 8 wickets
2 11 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 9 runs
3 14 April 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Hyderabad Won by 33 runs; MoM – South Africa Dale Steyn 3/24 (4 overs)
4 16 April 2011 Kings XI Punjab Hyderabad Lost by 8 wickets
5 19 April 2011 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 16 Runs; MoM – India Sunny Sohal 62 (41)
6 24 April 2011 Mumbai Indians Hyderabad Lost by 37 Runs
7 27 April 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Kochi Won by 55 runs; MoM – India Ishant Sharma 5/12 (3 overs)
8 1 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 19 Runs
9 3 May 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Hyderabad Lost by 20 runs
10 5 May 2011 Delhi Daredevils Hyderabad Lost by 4 wickets
11 10 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Hyderabad Lost by 6 wickets
12 14 May 2011 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 runs; MoM – India Amit Mishra 18 (6), 1/18 (4 overs)
13 16 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Navi Mumbai Won by 6 wickets; MoM – India Amit Mishra 2/26 (4 overs)
14 21 May 2011 Kings XI Punjab Dharamsala Won by 82 runs; MoM – India S Dhawan 95* (57)
Overall Record of 6 – 8
Failed to make it to Playoffs, ended 7/10
2012 IPL season
Main article: 2012 Indian Premier League
Due to the disbanding of Kochi Tuskers Kerala, each team will play the remaining eight teams twice, once at home and once away. Therefore each team will play 16 matches.
No. Date Opponent Venue Result Scorecard
1 7 April 2012 Chennai Super Kings Vishakapatnam Lost by 74 Runs
2 9 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Vishakapatnam Lost by 5 wickets
3 17 April 2012 Rajasthan Royals Jaipur Lost by 5 wickets
4 19 April 2012 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 5 wickets
5 22 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Cuttack Lost by 5 wickets
6 24 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Match abandoned without a ball bowled
7 26 April 2012 Pune Warriors India Pune Won by 18 runs; MoM – Australia Cameron White 78 (46)
8 29 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 5 wickets
9 1 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Cuttack Won by 13 runs; MoM – Sri Lanka Kumar Sangakkara 82 (52)
10 4 May 2012 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 5 wickets
11 6 May 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 5 Wickets
12 8 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Hyderabad Lost by 25 runs
13 10 May 2012 Delhi Daredevils Hyderabad Lost by 9 wickets
14 13 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 4 wickets
15 18 May 2012 Rajasthan Royals Hyderabad Won by 5 wickets; MoM – South Africa Dale Steyn 2/16 (4 overs)
16 20 May 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Hyderabad Won by 9 runs; MoM – South Africa Dale Steyn 3/8 (4 overs)
Overall Record of 4 – 11 (one match abandoned due to rain)
Failed to make it to Playoffs, ended 8/9
Awards, records and statistics
Awards won
Award Player name Year Achievement
Player of the Tournament Adam Gilchrist 2009 495 Runs and 15 dismissals
Under-23 Success of the Tournament Rohit Sharma 2009 362 runs and 11 wickets ( including a hat-trick )
Purple Cap RP Singh 2009 23 Wickets
Purple Cap Pragyan Ojha 2010 21 Wickets
Results summary
Opposition Span Mat Won Lost Tied NR %
IPL
India Chennai Super Kings 2008–2011 10 4 6 0 0 40.00
India Delhi Daredevils 2008–2011 11 4 7 0 0 42.85
India Kings XI Punjab 2008–2011 10 3 7 0 0 30.00
India Kolkata Knight Riders 2008–2011 9 2 7 0 0 22.57
India Mumbai Indians 2008–2011 10 4 6 0 0 40.00
India Rajasthan Royals 2008–2011 9 2 7 0 0 22.29
India Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008–2011 11 6 5 0 0 55.56
India Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 1 1 0 0 0 100.00
India Pune Warriors India 2011–2012 4 3 1 0 0 75.00
Champions League T20
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad & Tobago 2009-2009 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
England Somerset Sabres 2009–2009 1 0 1 0 0 0.00
Kochi played only 14 T20s and are now defunct
Most catches
Player Span Mat Inns Ct Max Ct/Inn
Herschelle Gibbs 2008–2010 33 33 22 2 0.666
Rohit Sharma 2008–2010 45 45 22 3 0.488
Andrew Symonds 2008–2010 28 28 16 2 0.571
RP Singh 2008–2010 42 42 16 3 0.380
Ryan Harris 2009–2010 15 16 10 2 0.625
Pragyan Ojha 2008–2010 44 44 9 2 0.204
Venugopal Rao 2008–2010 33 33 7 2 0.212
Records
Adam Gilchrist holds the record for Highest number of sixes hit in all the IPL matches. He has hit 54 sixes until now.
Gilchrist held the records for scoring the fastest hundred and fifty in IPL for the 2008 and 2009 seasons, though Yusuf Pathan broke the record for scoring the fastest century in the 2010 IPL.
155 – The highest partnership for any wicket in IPL was made by Adam Gilchrist and VVS Laxman for the first wicket against Mumbai Indians.
Deccan Chargers did not win a single home game in the IPL 2008 or CLT20 2009.
Won their first match at Hyderabad against Royal Challengers Bengalore in IPL 2011.
References
Jump up ^ Hyderabad IPL team named Deccan Chargers: Cricket Next
Jump up ^ "India Cricket News: BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Sun TV Network win Hyderabad IPL franchise". Wisden India. 25 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Sun Risers to represent Hyderabad in IPL". Wisden India. 18 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "Group M to pick up 20% in Hyderabad IPL team". 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2008-03-28.
Jump up ^ DC unleashes war cry | Deccan Chargers
Jump up ^ "Deccan Chargers franchise up for sale". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Deccan Chargers reject sole bid for franchise". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
Jump up ^ ESPN, CRICINFO. "BCCI terminates Deccan Chargers franchise". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/582379.html". ESPN CRICINFO. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
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Dené–Caucasian languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dené–Caucasian
(controversial)
Geographic
distribution: scattered in Eurasia; northern North America
Linguistic classification: Dené-Caucasian
Proto-language: Proto-Dené–Caucasian
Subdivisions:
Na-Dené (incl. Haida)
Yeniseian
North Caucasian
Sino-Tibetan
Burushaski (usually included)
Vasconic (usually included)
Tyrsenian (sometimes included)
Sumerian (sometimes included)
Almosan (rarely included)
Dené-Caucasian.JPG
Dené–Caucasian is a proposed broad language family that includes the Sino-Tibetan, North Caucasian, Na-Dené, Yeniseian, Vasconic (including Basque) and Burushaski language families. The connection between the Na-Dene languages and Yeniseian languages has recently been accepted (see Dené–Yeniseian languages). The validity of the rest of the family is rejected or viewed as doubtful by most historical linguists.
Contents
1 History of the hypothesis
2 Evidence for Dené–Caucasian
2.1 Shared pronominal morphemes
2.2 Shared noun class pre- and infixes
2.3 Verb morphology
3 Family tree proposals
3.1 Starostin's view
3.2 Bengtson's view
4 Proposed subbranches
4.1 Macro-Caucasian
4.2 Karasuk
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 External links
8 See also
History of the hypothesis
Classifications similar to Dené–Caucasian were put forward in the 20th century by Alfredo Trombetti, Edward Sapir, Robert Bleichsteiner, Karl Bouda, E. J. Furnée, René Lafon, Robert Shafer, Olivier Guy Tailleur, Morris Swadesh, Vladimir N. Toporov, and other scholars.
Morris Swadesh included all of the members of Dené–Caucasian in a family that he called "Basque-Dennean" (when writing in English, 2006/1971: 223) or "vascodene" (when writing in Spanish, 1959: 114). It was named for Basque and Navajo, the languages at its geographic extremes. According to Swadesh (1959: 114), it included "Vasconic, the Caucasian languages, Ural-Altaic, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Chinese, Austronesian, Japanese, Chukchi (Siberia), Eskimo-Aleut, Wakash, and Na-Dene", and possibly "Sumerian". Swadesh's Basque-Dennean thus differed from Dené-Caucasian in including (1) Uralic, Altaic, Japanese, Chukotian, and Eskimo-Aleut (languages which are classed as Eurasiatic by the followers of Sergei Starostin and those of Joseph Greenberg), (2) Dravidian, which is classed as Nostratic by Starostin's school, and (3) Austronesian (which according to Starostin is indeed related to Dené-Caucasian, but only at the next stage up, which he termed Dené-Daic, and only via Austric (see Borean languages)). Swadesh's colleague Mary Haas attributes the origin of the Basque-Dennean hypothesis to Edward Sapir.
In the 1980s, Sergei Starostin, using strict linguistic methods (proposing regular phonological correspondences, reconstructions, glottochronology, etc.), became the first to put the idea that the Caucasian, Yeniseian and Sino-Tibetan languages are related on firmer ground. In 1991, Sergei L. Nikolayev added the Na-Dené languages to Starostin's classification.
The inclusion of the Na-Dené languages has been somewhat complicated by the ongoing dispute over whether Haida belongs to the family. The proponents of the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis incline towards supporters of Haida's membership in Na-Dené, such as Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow or, most recently, John Enrico. Edward J. Vajda, who otherwise rejects the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis, has suggested that Tlingit, Eyak, and the Athabaskan languages are closely related to the Yeniseian languages, but he denies any genetic relationship of the former three to Haida. Vajda's ideas on the relationship of Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit and Yeniseian have found support independently in works of various authors, including Heinrich K. Werner or Merritt Ruhlen. DNA analyses have not shown any special connection between the modern Ket population and the modern speakers of the Na-Dené languages.
In 1996, John D. Bengtson added the Vasconic languages (including Basque, its extinct relative or ancestor Aquitanian, and possibly Iberian), and in 1997 he proposed the inclusion of Burushaski. The same year, in his article for Mother Tongue, Bengtson concluded that Sumerian might have been a remnant of a distinct subgroup of the Dené–Caucasian languages. However, two other papers on the genetic affinity of Sumerian appeared in the same volume: while Allan R. Bomhard considered Sumerian to be a sister of Nostratic, Igor M. Diakonoff compared it to the Munda languages.
In 1998, Vitaly V. Shevoroshkin rejected the Amerind affinity of the Almosan (Algonquian-Wakashan) languages, suggesting instead that they had a relationship with Dené–Caucasian. Several years later, he offered a number of lexical and phonological correspondences between the North Caucasian, Salishan, and Wakashan languages, concluding that Salishan and Wakashan may represent a distinct branch of North Caucasian and that their separation from it must postdate the dissolution of the Northeast Caucasian unity (Avar-Andi-Tsezian), which took place around the 2nd or 3rd millennium BC.
Evidence for Dené–Caucasian
Main articles: Proto-Dené–Caucasian language and Proto-Dené-Caucasian roots
The existence of Dené–Caucasian is supported by:
Many words that correspond between some or all of the families referred to Dené–Caucasian.
The presence in the shared vocabulary of words that are rarely borrowed or otherwise replaced, such as personal pronouns (see below).
Elements of grammar, such as verb prefixes and their positions (see below), noun class prefixes (see below), and case suffixes that are shared between at least some of the component families.
A reconstruction of the sound system, the basic parts of the grammar, and much of the vocabulary of the macrofamily's most recent common ancestor, the so-called Proto-Dené–Caucasian language.
Potential problems include:
The somewhat heavy reliance on the reconstruction of Proto-(North-)Caucasian by Starostin and Nikolayev. This reconstruction contains much uncertainty due to the extreme complexity of the sound systems of the Caucasian languages; the sound correspondences between these languages are difficult to trace.
The use of the reconstruction of Proto-Sino-Tibetan by Peiros and Starostin, parts of which have been criticized on various grounds, although Starostin himself has proposed a few revisions. All reconstructions of Proto-Sino-Tibetan suffer from the facts that many languages of the huge Sino-Tibetan family are underresearched and that the shape of the Sino-Tibetan tree is poorly known and partly controversial.
The use of Starostin's reconstruction of Proto-Yeniseian rather than the competing one by Vajda or that by Werner.
The use of Bengtson's reconstruction of Proto-/Pre-Basque rather than Trask's.
The slow progress in the reconstruction of Proto-Na-Dené, so that Haida and Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit have so far mostly been considered separately.
Shared pronominal morphemes
Several roots can be reconstructed for the 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns. This may indicate that there were pronouns with irregular declension (suppletion) in Proto-Dené–Caucasian, like "I" vs "me" throughout Indo-European. In the presumed daughter languages some of the roots are often affixes (such as verb prefixes or possessive noun prefixes) instead of independent pronouns.
The Algic, Salishan, Wakashan, and Sumerian comparisons should be regarded as especially tentative because regular sound correspondences between these families and the more often accepted Dené–Caucasian families have not yet been reconstructed. To a lesser degree this also holds for the Na-Dené comparisons, where only a few sound correspondences have yet been published.
/V/ means that the vowel in this position has not been successfully reconstructed. /K/ could have been any velar or uvular plosive, /S/ could have been any sibilant or assibilate.
All except Algic, Salishan and Wakashan are taken from Bengtson (2008).
Meaning Proto-Dené–Caucasian Proto-
Basque Proto-
Caucasian Proto-
Burushaski Proto-
Sino-Tibetan Proto-
Yeniseian Na-Dené Proto-
Salishan Proto-
Algic Sumerian
1st sg. /ŋV/ /ni/, /n/- /nɨ/ /a/- /ŋaː/- /ŋ/ /nV/ /nˀV/- /ŋa(e)/
/d͡zV/ -/da/-, -/t/ /zoː/ /d͡ʑa/ /ʔad͡z/ -/t͡s(a)/-, -/s/
/KV/ /gu/, /g/- (pl.) /ka/-
2nd sg. /KwV/ /hi/, /h/-, -/ga/- /ʁwVː/ /gu/-~/go/- /Kwa/- /(V)k(V)/ /ʔaxʷ/ /k̕V/-
/u̯Vn/ -/na/- /u̯oː-n/ /u-n/ /na-(ŋ)/ /ʔaw/ /wV/
3rd sg. /w/- or /m/- /be-ra/ /mV/ /mu/- /m/- /wV/
2nd pl. /Su/ /su/, /s/- /ʑwe/ /t͡sa(e)/
Footnotes: 1 On Caucasian evidence alone, this word cannot be reconstructed for Proto-Caucasian or even Proto-East Caucasian; it is only found in Lak and Dargwa (Bengtson 2008:94). 2 The final /e/ found in Sumerian pronouns is the ergative ending. The Emesal dialect has /ma(e)/. 3 Proto-Athabaskan */ʃ/, Haida dii /dìː/. 4 Also in Proto-Southern Wakashan. 5 1st pl.. 6 Tlingit xa /χà/, Eyak /x/-, /xʷ/. 7 Masculine verb prefix. 8 Proto-Athabaskan */χʷ/-, Tlingit ÿi /ɰi/ > yi /ji/ = 2nd pl.; Tlingit i /ʔì/, Eyak /ʔi/ "thou". 9 Feminine verb prefix. 10 Proto-Athabaskan */ŋ̰ən/-, Haida dang /dàŋ/, Tlingit wa.é /waʔɛ́/, where the hypothesis of a connection between the Proto-Athabaskan and Haida forms on the one hand and the rest on the other hand requires ad hoc assumptions of assimilation and dissimilation (Bengtson 2008: 94). 11 Feminine. 12 Proto-Athabaskan */wə/-, Eyak /wa/-, Tlingit wé /wɛ́/, Haida 'wa /wˀà/. 13 2nd sg.
Shared noun class pre- and infixes
Noun classification occurs in the North Caucasian languages, Burushaski, Yeniseian, and the Na-Dené languages. In Basque and Sino-Tibetan, only fossilized vestiges of the prefixes remain. One of the prefixes, */s/-, seems to be abundant in Haida, though again fossilized.
The following table with its footnotes, except for Burushaski, is taken from Bengtson (2008).
Proto-Dené–Caucasian Proto-Basque Proto-Caucasian Burushaski Proto-Sino-Tibetan Ket
/u̯/- /o/-, /u/- I /u̯/- /u/- /a/, /o/
/j/ /e/-, /i/- II /j/- /i/- /g/- (?) /i/, /id/
/w/ /be/-, /bi/- III /w/-, /b/- (/m/-) /b/-, /m/- /b/
/r/ IV /r/-, /d/- /r/-, /d/-
/s/ -/s/- (-/s/-) /s/-
Footnotes: a In Basque, the class prefixes became fossilized. b In many Caucasian languages (28), systems of this type more or less persist to this day, especially in the East Caucasian languages, whereas in West Caucasian, only Abkhaz and Abaza preserve a distinction human-nonhuman. The Roman numbers are those conventionally used for the East Caucasian noun classes. The forms in parentheses are very rare. c Burushaski seems to have reversed the first two animate classes, which may have parallels in some East Caucasian languages, namely Rutul, Tsakhur, or Kryz. d As with Basque, the class system was already obsolete by the time the languages were recorded. e Objective verb prefixes; /a/ and /i/ are used in the present tense, /o/ and /id/ in the past.
Verb morphology
In general, many Dené–Caucasian languages (and Sumerian) have polysynthetic verbs with several prefixes in front of the verb stem, but usually few or no suffixes. (The big exceptions are East Caucasian, where there is usually only one prefix and many suffixes, the similarly suffixing Haida, and Sino-Tibetan, for which little morphology can so far be reconstructed at all; Classical Tibetan with its comparatively rich morphology has at most two prefixes and one suffix. In Burushaski, the number of suffixes can surpass the rather large number of prefixes.)
The following is an example of a Kabardian (West Caucasian) verb from Bengtson (2008:98):
Kabardian orthography вадыхэзгъэхьамэ
IPA /waːdəçɐzʁɐħaːmɐ/
Analysis /w/- -/aː/- -/də/- -/çɐ/- -/z/- -/ʁɐ/- -/ħ/- -/aː/- -/mɐ/
Position –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2
direct object indirect object comitative locative subject causative verb stem tense conditional
in this case: 2nd singular 3rd plural "with" "in" 1st singular "make" "enter" past "if"
Translation if I made you go in together with them
Bengtson (2008) suggests correspondences between some of these prefixes (sometimes suffixes) and between their positions.
For example, a preverb /t/- occurs in Yeniseian languages and appears in position –3 (Ket) or –4 (Kott) in the verb template (where the verb stem is in position 0, suffix positions get positive numbers, and prefix positions negative numbers). In Burushaski, a fossilized preverb /d/- appears in position –3. In Basque, an element d- appears in position –3 of auxiliary verbs in the present tense unless a first or second person absolutive agreement marker occupies that position instead. The Na-Dené languages have a "classifier" /d/- (Haida, Tlingit, Eyak) or */də/- (Proto-Athabaskan) that is either fossilized or has a vaguely transitive function (reflexive in Tlingit) and appears in position –3 in Haida. In Sino-Tibetan, Classical Tibetan has a "directive" prefix /d/-, and Nung has a causative prefix /d/- (positions do not apply because Sino-Tibetan verbs have at most two prefixes depending on the language).
A past tense marker /n/ is found in Basque, Caucasian, Burushaski, Yeniseian, and Na-Dené (Haida, Tlingit and Athabaskan); in all of these except Yeniseian, it is a suffix or circumfix, which is noteworthy in these (with the exception of East Caucasian and Haida) suffix-poor language families.
Another prefix /b/ is found in some Sino-Tibetan languages; in Classical Tibetan it marks the past tense and precedes other prefixes (if any). It may correspond to the Tlingit perfect prefix wu-/woo- /wʊ, wu/, which occurs in position –2, and the fossilized Haida wu-/w- /wu, w/ which occurs in verbs with "resultative/perfect" meanings.
"There are also some commonalities in the sequential ordering of verbal affixes: typically the transitive/causative *s- is directly before the verb stem (–1), a pronominal agent or patient in the next position (–2). If both subject/agent and object/patient are referenced in the same verbal chain, the object typically precedes the subject (OSV or OVS : cf. Basque, West Caucasian , Burushaski, Yeniseian, Na-Dené, Sumerian templates . [Footnote: "Alone in N-D Eyak allows for subjects and objects in a suffix position."] In Yeniseian (position –5) and Na-Dene (position –5) noun stems or (secondary) verb stems can be incorporated into the verbal chain." (Bengtson 2008:108)
The mentioned "transitive/causative" */s/- is found in Haida, Tlingit, Sino-Tibetan, Burushaski, possibly Yeniseian ("an 'empty' morpheme occupying the position of object in intransitive verbs with an animate subject"; Bengtson 2008:107) and maybe in Basque. A causative suffix *-/s/ is found in many Nostratic languages, too, but its occurrence as a prefix and its position in the prefix chain may nevertheless be innovations of Dené–Caucasian.
Family tree proposals
Starostin's view
The Dené–Caucasian family tree and approximate divergence dates (estimated by modified glottochronology) proposed by S. A. Starostin and his colleagues from the Tower of Babel project:
1. Dené–Caucasian languages
1.1. Na-Dené languages (Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit)
1.2. Sino-Vasconic languages
1.2.1. Vasconic (see below)
1.2.2. Sino-Caucasian languages
1.2.2.1. Burushaski
1.2.2.2. Caucaso-Sino-Yeniseian
1.2.2.2.1. North Caucasian languages
1.2.2.2.2. Sino-Yeniseian
1.2.2.2.2.1. Yeniseian languages
1.2.2.2.2.2. Sino-Tibetan languages
Bengtson's view
John D. Bengtson groups Basque, Caucasian and Burushaski together in a Macro-Caucasian (earlier Vasco-Caucasian) family (see the section on Macro-Caucasian below). According to him, it is as yet premature to propose other nodes or subgroupings, but he notes that Sumerian seems to share the same number of isoglosses with the (geographically) western branches as with the eastern ones:
1. Dené–Caucasian
1.1. The Macro-Caucasian family
1.1.1. Basque
1.1.2. North Caucasian
1.1.3. Burushaski
1.2. Sumerian
1.3. Sino-Tibetan
1.4. Yeniseian
1.5. Na-Dené
Proposed subbranches
Macro-Caucasian
John Bengtson (2008) thinks that, within Dené–Caucasian, the Caucasian languages form a branch together with Basque and Burushaski, based on many shared word roots as well as shared grammar such as:
the Caucasian plural/collective ending *-/rV/ of nouns, which is preserved in many modern Caucasian languages, as well as sometimes fossilized in singular nouns with collective meaning; many Basque nouns with a collective meaning end in -/rː/, and one of the many Burushaski plural endings for class I and II (masculine and feminine) nouns is -/aro/. However, such a plural ending is also widespread in the Nostratic languages, e.g. Japanese particles#ra
the consonant -/t/, which is inserted between the components of some Basque compound nouns and can be compared to the East Caucasian element -*/du/ which is inserted between the noun stem and the endings of cases other than the ergative.
the presence of compound case endings (agglutinated from the suffixes of two different cases) in all three branches.
the case endings themselves:
Likely cognates of case endings
Basque Case Basque Burushaski Caucasian Comments
Absolutive -0 -0 -0 The absolutive form is generally used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the direct object of transitive verbs. Special ergative forms are used for the subject of transitive verbs.
Ergative -k -k/-ak(1) -k’ə(2) (1) instrumental, occurs only with certain nouns and with verbs meaning "strike" or "shoot"; (2) West Caucasian only: Kabardian ergative, Adyghe instrumental
Dative -i -e(1) *-Hi(2) (1) used as both ergative and genitive, except for feminine nouns which have a different genitive ending; (2) East Caucasian only; manifests as Avar -e (dative), Hunzib -i (dative) etc., shifted to instrumental in Lak, Dargwa, genitive in Khinalug, or ergative in the Tsezian languages, Dargwa and Khinalug; */H/ is any glottal or epiglottal consonant
Instrumental -z /s/ -as/-áas(1) *-sː-(2) (1) cf. parallel infinitive -s in some Lezghian languages; (2) instrumental animate; general attributive, shifted to closely related functions in most modern languages, e.g. ergative animate in Chechen, adjectival and participial attributive suffix in Lak, dative and infinitive in Lezgi, transformative/adverbial case in Abkhaz, etc.
Genitive -en(1) *-nV(2) (1) possibly also the locative/inessive ending -n; (2) attested as genitive in Lezghi, Chechen (also infinitive, adj. and particip. suff.), possessive in Ubykh etc.; in some languages the function has shifted to ablative (Avar), ergative (Udi, Ubykh)
Allative -ra(1) -r/-ar(2), -al-(3) *-ɫV(4) (1) some northern Basque dialects have the form -rat and/or -la(t); (2) dative/allative; (3) locative; (4) Chechen -l, -lla (translative), Tsez -r (dative, lative), Khinalug -li (general locative) etc.
Comitative -ekin *KV(1) (1) possible cognates among mutually incompatible suffixes, cf. Avar -gu-n, -gi-n (comitative), Andi -lo-gu, Karata -qi-l, Tindi -ka, Akhwakh -qe-na.
As Bengtson (2008) himself notes, an ergative ending -/s/, which may be compared to the ending that has instrumental function in Basque, occurs in some Sino-Tibetan languages, and the Yeniseian language Ket has an instrumental/comitative in -/s/, -/as/, -/aɕ/. This suffix may therefore be shared among a larger group, possibly Dené–Caucasian as a whole. On the other hand, comparison of noun morphology among Dené–Caucasian families other than Basque, Burushaski and Caucasian is usually not possible: little morphology can so far be reconstructed for Proto-Sino-Tibetan at all; "Yeniseian has case marking, but it seems to have little in common with the western DC families" except for the abovementioned suffix (Bengtson 2008:footnote 182, emphasis added); and Na-Dené languages usually express case relations as prefixes on the polysynthetic verb. It can therefore not be excluded that some or all of the noun morphology presented here was present in Proto-Dené–Caucasian and lost in Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian and Na-Dené; in this case it cannot be considered evidence for the Macro-Caucasian hypothesis. That said, as mentioned above, Basque, Caucasian and Burushaski also share words that do not occur in other families.
A genitive suffix -/nV/ is also widespread among Nostratic languages.
Karasuk
Main article: Karasuk languages
George van Driem has proposed that the Yeniseian languages are the closest known relatives of Burushaski, based on small number of similarities in grammar and lexicon. The Karasuk theory as proposed by van Driem does not address other language families that are hypothesized to belong to Dené–Caucasian, so whether the Karasuk hypothesis is compatible or not with the Macro-Caucasian hypothesis remains to be investigated.
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 286-288
Jump up ^ Goddard, Ives (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
Jump up ^ Trask, R. L. (2000). The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
Jump up ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. New York: Columbia University Press. pg. 434
Jump up ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=IYQkVkdsKXgC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=macro-quechua+swadesh&source=bl&ots=2fOoSr52ja&sig=fQvPv1D9lW7LU2zDQLj5bdQ2LYg&hl=en&ei=eGuGS6iiLYyM0gSG0uHTCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Jump up ^ See Starostin 1984, Starostin 1991
Jump up ^ See Nikola(y)ev 1991
Jump up ^ See Pinnow 1985a, Pinnow 1985b, Pinnow 1986a, Pinnow 1986b, Pinnow 1988, Pinnow 1990a, Pinnow 1990b
Jump up ^ See Enrico 2004
Jump up ^ See Vajda 2000a, Vajda 2000b, Vajda 2000c, Vajda 2000d, Vajda 2000e, Vajda 2001a, Vajda 2001b, Vajda 2002, Vajda 2004
^ Jump up to: a b See Werner 2004
Jump up ^ See Ruhlen 1998
Jump up ^ See Rubicz et al. 2002
Jump up ^ See Bengtson 1996, Bengtson 1997, Bengtson 1997
Jump up ^ See Bomhard 1997, Diakonoff 1997
^ Jump up to: a b See Shevoroshkin 1998, Shevoroshkin 2003, and Shevoroshkin 2004
^ Jump up to: a b See Starostin 1994
Jump up ^ See Peiros & Starostin 1996
Jump up ^ See Handel 1998
Jump up ^ See Ruhlen 2001
^ Jump up to: a b c d See Bengtson 2008
Jump up ^ See Catford 1977, Schulze-Fürhoff 1992, and Schmidt 1994
Jump up ^ See Berger 1974 and Berger 1998
Jump up ^ See Benedict 1972
Jump up ^ See The preliminary phylogenetic tree according to the Tower of Babel Project
Jump up ^ See Bengtson 1997a
Jump up ^ See Bengtson 1997b
Jump up ^ See Van Driem 2001
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VAJDA, Edward J. 2000d. Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit and Yeniseian: lexical and phonological parallels. Read at: 39th Conference on American Indian Languages, San Francisco, Nov. 14-18, 2000
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External links
Dené–Caucasian ethno-linguistic map
The Tower of Babel (site in English and Russian including Proposed family tree and Word-final resonants in Sino-Caucasian)
A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1
Merritt Ruhlen on the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis (PDF)
See also
Dené–Yeniseian languages
Language families and languages
Proto-language
Borean languages
Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dené–Caucasian
(controversial)
Geographic
distribution: scattered in Eurasia; northern North America
Linguistic classification: Dené-Caucasian
Proto-language: Proto-Dené–Caucasian
Subdivisions:
Na-Dené (incl. Haida)
Yeniseian
North Caucasian
Sino-Tibetan
Burushaski (usually included)
Vasconic (usually included)
Tyrsenian (sometimes included)
Sumerian (sometimes included)
Almosan (rarely included)
Dené-Caucasian.JPG
Dené–Caucasian is a proposed broad language family that includes the Sino-Tibetan, North Caucasian, Na-Dené, Yeniseian, Vasconic (including Basque) and Burushaski language families. The connection between the Na-Dene languages and Yeniseian languages has recently been accepted (see Dené–Yeniseian languages). The validity of the rest of the family is rejected or viewed as doubtful by most historical linguists.
Contents
1 History of the hypothesis
2 Evidence for Dené–Caucasian
2.1 Shared pronominal morphemes
2.2 Shared noun class pre- and infixes
2.3 Verb morphology
3 Family tree proposals
3.1 Starostin's view
3.2 Bengtson's view
4 Proposed subbranches
4.1 Macro-Caucasian
4.2 Karasuk
5 Footnotes
6 References
7 External links
8 See also
History of the hypothesis
Classifications similar to Dené–Caucasian were put forward in the 20th century by Alfredo Trombetti, Edward Sapir, Robert Bleichsteiner, Karl Bouda, E. J. Furnée, René Lafon, Robert Shafer, Olivier Guy Tailleur, Morris Swadesh, Vladimir N. Toporov, and other scholars.
Morris Swadesh included all of the members of Dené–Caucasian in a family that he called "Basque-Dennean" (when writing in English, 2006/1971: 223) or "vascodene" (when writing in Spanish, 1959: 114). It was named for Basque and Navajo, the languages at its geographic extremes. According to Swadesh (1959: 114), it included "Vasconic, the Caucasian languages, Ural-Altaic, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Chinese, Austronesian, Japanese, Chukchi (Siberia), Eskimo-Aleut, Wakash, and Na-Dene", and possibly "Sumerian". Swadesh's Basque-Dennean thus differed from Dené-Caucasian in including (1) Uralic, Altaic, Japanese, Chukotian, and Eskimo-Aleut (languages which are classed as Eurasiatic by the followers of Sergei Starostin and those of Joseph Greenberg), (2) Dravidian, which is classed as Nostratic by Starostin's school, and (3) Austronesian (which according to Starostin is indeed related to Dené-Caucasian, but only at the next stage up, which he termed Dené-Daic, and only via Austric (see Borean languages)). Swadesh's colleague Mary Haas attributes the origin of the Basque-Dennean hypothesis to Edward Sapir.
In the 1980s, Sergei Starostin, using strict linguistic methods (proposing regular phonological correspondences, reconstructions, glottochronology, etc.), became the first to put the idea that the Caucasian, Yeniseian and Sino-Tibetan languages are related on firmer ground. In 1991, Sergei L. Nikolayev added the Na-Dené languages to Starostin's classification.
The inclusion of the Na-Dené languages has been somewhat complicated by the ongoing dispute over whether Haida belongs to the family. The proponents of the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis incline towards supporters of Haida's membership in Na-Dené, such as Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow or, most recently, John Enrico. Edward J. Vajda, who otherwise rejects the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis, has suggested that Tlingit, Eyak, and the Athabaskan languages are closely related to the Yeniseian languages, but he denies any genetic relationship of the former three to Haida. Vajda's ideas on the relationship of Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit and Yeniseian have found support independently in works of various authors, including Heinrich K. Werner or Merritt Ruhlen. DNA analyses have not shown any special connection between the modern Ket population and the modern speakers of the Na-Dené languages.
In 1996, John D. Bengtson added the Vasconic languages (including Basque, its extinct relative or ancestor Aquitanian, and possibly Iberian), and in 1997 he proposed the inclusion of Burushaski. The same year, in his article for Mother Tongue, Bengtson concluded that Sumerian might have been a remnant of a distinct subgroup of the Dené–Caucasian languages. However, two other papers on the genetic affinity of Sumerian appeared in the same volume: while Allan R. Bomhard considered Sumerian to be a sister of Nostratic, Igor M. Diakonoff compared it to the Munda languages.
In 1998, Vitaly V. Shevoroshkin rejected the Amerind affinity of the Almosan (Algonquian-Wakashan) languages, suggesting instead that they had a relationship with Dené–Caucasian. Several years later, he offered a number of lexical and phonological correspondences between the North Caucasian, Salishan, and Wakashan languages, concluding that Salishan and Wakashan may represent a distinct branch of North Caucasian and that their separation from it must postdate the dissolution of the Northeast Caucasian unity (Avar-Andi-Tsezian), which took place around the 2nd or 3rd millennium BC.
Evidence for Dené–Caucasian
Main articles: Proto-Dené–Caucasian language and Proto-Dené-Caucasian roots
The existence of Dené–Caucasian is supported by:
Many words that correspond between some or all of the families referred to Dené–Caucasian.
The presence in the shared vocabulary of words that are rarely borrowed or otherwise replaced, such as personal pronouns (see below).
Elements of grammar, such as verb prefixes and their positions (see below), noun class prefixes (see below), and case suffixes that are shared between at least some of the component families.
A reconstruction of the sound system, the basic parts of the grammar, and much of the vocabulary of the macrofamily's most recent common ancestor, the so-called Proto-Dené–Caucasian language.
Potential problems include:
The somewhat heavy reliance on the reconstruction of Proto-(North-)Caucasian by Starostin and Nikolayev. This reconstruction contains much uncertainty due to the extreme complexity of the sound systems of the Caucasian languages; the sound correspondences between these languages are difficult to trace.
The use of the reconstruction of Proto-Sino-Tibetan by Peiros and Starostin, parts of which have been criticized on various grounds, although Starostin himself has proposed a few revisions. All reconstructions of Proto-Sino-Tibetan suffer from the facts that many languages of the huge Sino-Tibetan family are underresearched and that the shape of the Sino-Tibetan tree is poorly known and partly controversial.
The use of Starostin's reconstruction of Proto-Yeniseian rather than the competing one by Vajda or that by Werner.
The use of Bengtson's reconstruction of Proto-/Pre-Basque rather than Trask's.
The slow progress in the reconstruction of Proto-Na-Dené, so that Haida and Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit have so far mostly been considered separately.
Shared pronominal morphemes
Several roots can be reconstructed for the 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns. This may indicate that there were pronouns with irregular declension (suppletion) in Proto-Dené–Caucasian, like "I" vs "me" throughout Indo-European. In the presumed daughter languages some of the roots are often affixes (such as verb prefixes or possessive noun prefixes) instead of independent pronouns.
The Algic, Salishan, Wakashan, and Sumerian comparisons should be regarded as especially tentative because regular sound correspondences between these families and the more often accepted Dené–Caucasian families have not yet been reconstructed. To a lesser degree this also holds for the Na-Dené comparisons, where only a few sound correspondences have yet been published.
/V/ means that the vowel in this position has not been successfully reconstructed. /K/ could have been any velar or uvular plosive, /S/ could have been any sibilant or assibilate.
All except Algic, Salishan and Wakashan are taken from Bengtson (2008).
Meaning Proto-Dené–Caucasian Proto-
Basque Proto-
Caucasian Proto-
Burushaski Proto-
Sino-Tibetan Proto-
Yeniseian Na-Dené Proto-
Salishan Proto-
Algic Sumerian
1st sg. /ŋV/ /ni/, /n/- /nɨ/ /a/- /ŋaː/- /ŋ/ /nV/ /nˀV/- /ŋa(e)/
/d͡zV/ -/da/-, -/t/ /zoː/ /d͡ʑa/ /ʔad͡z/ -/t͡s(a)/-, -/s/
/KV/ /gu/, /g/- (pl.) /ka/-
2nd sg. /KwV/ /hi/, /h/-, -/ga/- /ʁwVː/ /gu/-~/go/- /Kwa/- /(V)k(V)/ /ʔaxʷ/ /k̕V/-
/u̯Vn/ -/na/- /u̯oː-n/ /u-n/ /na-(ŋ)/ /ʔaw/ /wV/
3rd sg. /w/- or /m/- /be-ra/ /mV/ /mu/- /m/- /wV/
2nd pl. /Su/ /su/, /s/- /ʑwe/ /t͡sa(e)/
Footnotes: 1 On Caucasian evidence alone, this word cannot be reconstructed for Proto-Caucasian or even Proto-East Caucasian; it is only found in Lak and Dargwa (Bengtson 2008:94). 2 The final /e/ found in Sumerian pronouns is the ergative ending. The Emesal dialect has /ma(e)/. 3 Proto-Athabaskan */ʃ/, Haida dii /dìː/. 4 Also in Proto-Southern Wakashan. 5 1st pl.. 6 Tlingit xa /χà/, Eyak /x/-, /xʷ/. 7 Masculine verb prefix. 8 Proto-Athabaskan */χʷ/-, Tlingit ÿi /ɰi/ > yi /ji/ = 2nd pl.; Tlingit i /ʔì/, Eyak /ʔi/ "thou". 9 Feminine verb prefix. 10 Proto-Athabaskan */ŋ̰ən/-, Haida dang /dàŋ/, Tlingit wa.é /waʔɛ́/, where the hypothesis of a connection between the Proto-Athabaskan and Haida forms on the one hand and the rest on the other hand requires ad hoc assumptions of assimilation and dissimilation (Bengtson 2008: 94). 11 Feminine. 12 Proto-Athabaskan */wə/-, Eyak /wa/-, Tlingit wé /wɛ́/, Haida 'wa /wˀà/. 13 2nd sg.
Shared noun class pre- and infixes
Noun classification occurs in the North Caucasian languages, Burushaski, Yeniseian, and the Na-Dené languages. In Basque and Sino-Tibetan, only fossilized vestiges of the prefixes remain. One of the prefixes, */s/-, seems to be abundant in Haida, though again fossilized.
The following table with its footnotes, except for Burushaski, is taken from Bengtson (2008).
Proto-Dené–Caucasian Proto-Basque Proto-Caucasian Burushaski Proto-Sino-Tibetan Ket
/u̯/- /o/-, /u/- I /u̯/- /u/- /a/, /o/
/j/ /e/-, /i/- II /j/- /i/- /g/- (?) /i/, /id/
/w/ /be/-, /bi/- III /w/-, /b/- (/m/-) /b/-, /m/- /b/
/r/ IV /r/-, /d/- /r/-, /d/-
/s/ -/s/- (-/s/-) /s/-
Footnotes: a In Basque, the class prefixes became fossilized. b In many Caucasian languages (28), systems of this type more or less persist to this day, especially in the East Caucasian languages, whereas in West Caucasian, only Abkhaz and Abaza preserve a distinction human-nonhuman. The Roman numbers are those conventionally used for the East Caucasian noun classes. The forms in parentheses are very rare. c Burushaski seems to have reversed the first two animate classes, which may have parallels in some East Caucasian languages, namely Rutul, Tsakhur, or Kryz. d As with Basque, the class system was already obsolete by the time the languages were recorded. e Objective verb prefixes; /a/ and /i/ are used in the present tense, /o/ and /id/ in the past.
Verb morphology
In general, many Dené–Caucasian languages (and Sumerian) have polysynthetic verbs with several prefixes in front of the verb stem, but usually few or no suffixes. (The big exceptions are East Caucasian, where there is usually only one prefix and many suffixes, the similarly suffixing Haida, and Sino-Tibetan, for which little morphology can so far be reconstructed at all; Classical Tibetan with its comparatively rich morphology has at most two prefixes and one suffix. In Burushaski, the number of suffixes can surpass the rather large number of prefixes.)
The following is an example of a Kabardian (West Caucasian) verb from Bengtson (2008:98):
Kabardian orthography вадыхэзгъэхьамэ
IPA /waːdəçɐzʁɐħaːmɐ/
Analysis /w/- -/aː/- -/də/- -/çɐ/- -/z/- -/ʁɐ/- -/ħ/- -/aː/- -/mɐ/
Position –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2
direct object indirect object comitative locative subject causative verb stem tense conditional
in this case: 2nd singular 3rd plural "with" "in" 1st singular "make" "enter" past "if"
Translation if I made you go in together with them
Bengtson (2008) suggests correspondences between some of these prefixes (sometimes suffixes) and between their positions.
For example, a preverb /t/- occurs in Yeniseian languages and appears in position –3 (Ket) or –4 (Kott) in the verb template (where the verb stem is in position 0, suffix positions get positive numbers, and prefix positions negative numbers). In Burushaski, a fossilized preverb /d/- appears in position –3. In Basque, an element d- appears in position –3 of auxiliary verbs in the present tense unless a first or second person absolutive agreement marker occupies that position instead. The Na-Dené languages have a "classifier" /d/- (Haida, Tlingit, Eyak) or */də/- (Proto-Athabaskan) that is either fossilized or has a vaguely transitive function (reflexive in Tlingit) and appears in position –3 in Haida. In Sino-Tibetan, Classical Tibetan has a "directive" prefix /d/-, and Nung has a causative prefix /d/- (positions do not apply because Sino-Tibetan verbs have at most two prefixes depending on the language).
A past tense marker /n/ is found in Basque, Caucasian, Burushaski, Yeniseian, and Na-Dené (Haida, Tlingit and Athabaskan); in all of these except Yeniseian, it is a suffix or circumfix, which is noteworthy in these (with the exception of East Caucasian and Haida) suffix-poor language families.
Another prefix /b/ is found in some Sino-Tibetan languages; in Classical Tibetan it marks the past tense and precedes other prefixes (if any). It may correspond to the Tlingit perfect prefix wu-/woo- /wʊ, wu/, which occurs in position –2, and the fossilized Haida wu-/w- /wu, w/ which occurs in verbs with "resultative/perfect" meanings.
"There are also some commonalities in the sequential ordering of verbal affixes: typically the transitive/causative *s- is directly before the verb stem (–1), a pronominal agent or patient in the next position (–2). If both subject/agent and object/patient are referenced in the same verbal chain, the object typically precedes the subject (OSV or OVS : cf. Basque, West Caucasian , Burushaski, Yeniseian, Na-Dené, Sumerian templates . [Footnote: "Alone in N-D Eyak allows for subjects and objects in a suffix position."] In Yeniseian (position –5) and Na-Dene (position –5) noun stems or (secondary) verb stems can be incorporated into the verbal chain." (Bengtson 2008:108)
The mentioned "transitive/causative" */s/- is found in Haida, Tlingit, Sino-Tibetan, Burushaski, possibly Yeniseian ("an 'empty' morpheme occupying the position of object in intransitive verbs with an animate subject"; Bengtson 2008:107) and maybe in Basque. A causative suffix *-/s/ is found in many Nostratic languages, too, but its occurrence as a prefix and its position in the prefix chain may nevertheless be innovations of Dené–Caucasian.
Family tree proposals
Starostin's view
The Dené–Caucasian family tree and approximate divergence dates (estimated by modified glottochronology) proposed by S. A. Starostin and his colleagues from the Tower of Babel project:
1. Dené–Caucasian languages
1.1. Na-Dené languages (Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit)
1.2. Sino-Vasconic languages
1.2.1. Vasconic (see below)
1.2.2. Sino-Caucasian languages
1.2.2.1. Burushaski
1.2.2.2. Caucaso-Sino-Yeniseian
1.2.2.2.1. North Caucasian languages
1.2.2.2.2. Sino-Yeniseian
1.2.2.2.2.1. Yeniseian languages
1.2.2.2.2.2. Sino-Tibetan languages
Bengtson's view
John D. Bengtson groups Basque, Caucasian and Burushaski together in a Macro-Caucasian (earlier Vasco-Caucasian) family (see the section on Macro-Caucasian below). According to him, it is as yet premature to propose other nodes or subgroupings, but he notes that Sumerian seems to share the same number of isoglosses with the (geographically) western branches as with the eastern ones:
1. Dené–Caucasian
1.1. The Macro-Caucasian family
1.1.1. Basque
1.1.2. North Caucasian
1.1.3. Burushaski
1.2. Sumerian
1.3. Sino-Tibetan
1.4. Yeniseian
1.5. Na-Dené
Proposed subbranches
Macro-Caucasian
John Bengtson (2008) thinks that, within Dené–Caucasian, the Caucasian languages form a branch together with Basque and Burushaski, based on many shared word roots as well as shared grammar such as:
the Caucasian plural/collective ending *-/rV/ of nouns, which is preserved in many modern Caucasian languages, as well as sometimes fossilized in singular nouns with collective meaning; many Basque nouns with a collective meaning end in -/rː/, and one of the many Burushaski plural endings for class I and II (masculine and feminine) nouns is -/aro/. However, such a plural ending is also widespread in the Nostratic languages, e.g. Japanese particles#ra
the consonant -/t/, which is inserted between the components of some Basque compound nouns and can be compared to the East Caucasian element -*/du/ which is inserted between the noun stem and the endings of cases other than the ergative.
the presence of compound case endings (agglutinated from the suffixes of two different cases) in all three branches.
the case endings themselves:
Likely cognates of case endings
Basque Case Basque Burushaski Caucasian Comments
Absolutive -0 -0 -0 The absolutive form is generally used for the subjects of intransitive verbs and the direct object of transitive verbs. Special ergative forms are used for the subject of transitive verbs.
Ergative -k -k/-ak(1) -k’ə(2) (1) instrumental, occurs only with certain nouns and with verbs meaning "strike" or "shoot"; (2) West Caucasian only: Kabardian ergative, Adyghe instrumental
Dative -i -e(1) *-Hi(2) (1) used as both ergative and genitive, except for feminine nouns which have a different genitive ending; (2) East Caucasian only; manifests as Avar -e (dative), Hunzib -i (dative) etc., shifted to instrumental in Lak, Dargwa, genitive in Khinalug, or ergative in the Tsezian languages, Dargwa and Khinalug; */H/ is any glottal or epiglottal consonant
Instrumental -z /s/ -as/-áas(1) *-sː-(2) (1) cf. parallel infinitive -s in some Lezghian languages; (2) instrumental animate; general attributive, shifted to closely related functions in most modern languages, e.g. ergative animate in Chechen, adjectival and participial attributive suffix in Lak, dative and infinitive in Lezgi, transformative/adverbial case in Abkhaz, etc.
Genitive -en(1) *-nV(2) (1) possibly also the locative/inessive ending -n; (2) attested as genitive in Lezghi, Chechen (also infinitive, adj. and particip. suff.), possessive in Ubykh etc.; in some languages the function has shifted to ablative (Avar), ergative (Udi, Ubykh)
Allative -ra(1) -r/-ar(2), -al-(3) *-ɫV(4) (1) some northern Basque dialects have the form -rat and/or -la(t); (2) dative/allative; (3) locative; (4) Chechen -l, -lla (translative), Tsez -r (dative, lative), Khinalug -li (general locative) etc.
Comitative -ekin *KV(1) (1) possible cognates among mutually incompatible suffixes, cf. Avar -gu-n, -gi-n (comitative), Andi -lo-gu, Karata -qi-l, Tindi -ka, Akhwakh -qe-na.
As Bengtson (2008) himself notes, an ergative ending -/s/, which may be compared to the ending that has instrumental function in Basque, occurs in some Sino-Tibetan languages, and the Yeniseian language Ket has an instrumental/comitative in -/s/, -/as/, -/aɕ/. This suffix may therefore be shared among a larger group, possibly Dené–Caucasian as a whole. On the other hand, comparison of noun morphology among Dené–Caucasian families other than Basque, Burushaski and Caucasian is usually not possible: little morphology can so far be reconstructed for Proto-Sino-Tibetan at all; "Yeniseian has case marking, but it seems to have little in common with the western DC families" except for the abovementioned suffix (Bengtson 2008:footnote 182, emphasis added); and Na-Dené languages usually express case relations as prefixes on the polysynthetic verb. It can therefore not be excluded that some or all of the noun morphology presented here was present in Proto-Dené–Caucasian and lost in Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian and Na-Dené; in this case it cannot be considered evidence for the Macro-Caucasian hypothesis. That said, as mentioned above, Basque, Caucasian and Burushaski also share words that do not occur in other families.
A genitive suffix -/nV/ is also widespread among Nostratic languages.
Karasuk
Main article: Karasuk languages
George van Driem has proposed that the Yeniseian languages are the closest known relatives of Burushaski, based on small number of similarities in grammar and lexicon. The Karasuk theory as proposed by van Driem does not address other language families that are hypothesized to belong to Dené–Caucasian, so whether the Karasuk hypothesis is compatible or not with the Macro-Caucasian hypothesis remains to be investigated.
Footnotes
Jump up ^ Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 286-288
Jump up ^ Goddard, Ives (1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed., Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
Jump up ^ Trask, R. L. (2000). The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
Jump up ^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages. New York: Columbia University Press. pg. 434
Jump up ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=IYQkVkdsKXgC&pg=PA114&lpg=PA114&dq=macro-quechua+swadesh&source=bl&ots=2fOoSr52ja&sig=fQvPv1D9lW7LU2zDQLj5bdQ2LYg&hl=en&ei=eGuGS6iiLYyM0gSG0uHTCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false
Jump up ^ See Starostin 1984, Starostin 1991
Jump up ^ See Nikola(y)ev 1991
Jump up ^ See Pinnow 1985a, Pinnow 1985b, Pinnow 1986a, Pinnow 1986b, Pinnow 1988, Pinnow 1990a, Pinnow 1990b
Jump up ^ See Enrico 2004
Jump up ^ See Vajda 2000a, Vajda 2000b, Vajda 2000c, Vajda 2000d, Vajda 2000e, Vajda 2001a, Vajda 2001b, Vajda 2002, Vajda 2004
^ Jump up to: a b See Werner 2004
Jump up ^ See Ruhlen 1998
Jump up ^ See Rubicz et al. 2002
Jump up ^ See Bengtson 1996, Bengtson 1997, Bengtson 1997
Jump up ^ See Bomhard 1997, Diakonoff 1997
^ Jump up to: a b See Shevoroshkin 1998, Shevoroshkin 2003, and Shevoroshkin 2004
^ Jump up to: a b See Starostin 1994
Jump up ^ See Peiros & Starostin 1996
Jump up ^ See Handel 1998
Jump up ^ See Ruhlen 2001
^ Jump up to: a b c d See Bengtson 2008
Jump up ^ See Catford 1977, Schulze-Fürhoff 1992, and Schmidt 1994
Jump up ^ See Berger 1974 and Berger 1998
Jump up ^ See Benedict 1972
Jump up ^ See The preliminary phylogenetic tree according to the Tower of Babel Project
Jump up ^ See Bengtson 1997a
Jump up ^ See Bengtson 1997b
Jump up ^ See Van Driem 2001
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RUBICZ, R., MELVIN, K. L., CRAWFORD, M.H. 2002. Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers. Human Biology, Dec 1 2002 74 (6) 743-761.
RUHLEN, Merritt, 2001a. "Il Dene–caucasico: una nuova famiglia linguistica." Pluriverso 2: 76–85.
RUHLEN, Merritt, 2001b. “Taxonomic Controversies in the Twentieth Century,” in New Essays on the Origin of Language, ed. by Jürgen Trabant and Sean Ward, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, 197–214.
RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998a. "Dene–Caucasian: A New Linguistic Family," in The Origins and Past of Modern Humans—Towards Reconciliation, ed. by Keiichi Omoto and Phillip V. Tobias, Singapore: World Scientific, 231–46.
RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998b. "The Origin of the Na-Dene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the U.S.A. 95: 13994–13996.
RUHLEN, Merritt, 1998c. "The Origin of the Na-Dene." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 13994–96.
RUHLEN, Merritt. 1997. "Une nouvelle famille de langues: le déné-caucasien," Pour la Science (Dossier, October), 68–73.
SCHMIDT, Karl Horst, 1994. "Class Inflection and Related Categories in the Caucasus." In Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR, ed. by H. I. Aronson, pp. 185-192. Columbus, OH: Slavica.
SCHULZE-FÜRHOFF, Wolfgang, 1992. "How Can Class Markers Petrify? Towards a Functional Diachrony of Morphological Subsystems in the East Caucasian Languages." In The Non-Slavic Languages of the USSR: Linguistic Studies, Second Series, ed. by H. I. Aronson, pp. 183-233. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 2004. "Proto-Salishan and Proto-North-Caucasian Consonants: a few cognate sets." in Nostratic Centennial Conference: the Pécs Papers. ed. by. I. Hegedűs & P. Sidwell, pp. 181–191. Pécs: Lingua Franca Group.
SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 2003. "Salishan and North Caucasian." Mother Tongue 8: 39–64.
STAROSTIN, Sergei A. and Orel, V., 1989. "Etruscan and North Caucasian." Explorations in Language Macrofamilies. Ed. V. Shevoroshkin. Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. 23. Bochum.
SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 1999 "Nostratic and Sino-Caucasian: two ancient language phyla." In From Neanderthal to Easter Island (Festschrift W. W. Schuhmacher), ed. by N. A. Kirk & P. J. Sidwell. pp. 44–74. Melbourne.
SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaly V. (Fall 1998), "1998 Symposium on Nostratic at Cambridge" (JPEG), Mother Tongue (ASLIP) (31): 28–32, retrieved 2008-01-28
SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., 1991. (Ed.) Dene–Sino-Caucasian Languages. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2004–2005. Sino-Caucasian & Sino-Caucasian .
STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2002. "A response to Alexander Vovin's criticism of the Sino-Caucasian theory." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 30.1:142–153.
STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 2000. "Genesis of the Long Vowels in Sino-Tibetan." In Проблемы изучения дальнего родства языков на рыбеже третьего тысячелетия: Доклады и тезисы международной конференции РГГУ , Moscow 2000.
STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1996. "Word-final resonants in Sino-Caucasian." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 24.2: 281–311. (written for the 3rd International Conference on Chinese Linguistics in Hongkong in 1994)
STAROSTIN, Sergei A., 1995. "Old Chinese Basic Vocabulary: A Historical Perspective." In The Ancestry of the Chinese Language (Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph No. 8), ed. by W. S.-Y. Wang, pp. 225–251. Berkeley, CA.
STAROSTIN, Sergei A. (1994), "Preface", in Sergei A., Starostin; Nikola(y)ev, Sergei L., A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary, Moscow: Asterisk Publishers, pp. 7–199
STAROSTIN, Sergei A. (1991), "On the Hypothesis of a Genetic Connection Between the Sino-Tibetan Languages and the Yeniseian and North Caucasian Languages", in SHEVOROSHKIN, Vitaliy V., Dene–Sino-Caucasian languages: materials from the First International Interdisciplinary Symposium on Language and Prehistory, Ann Harbor: Bochum: Brockmeyer, pp. 12–41
STAROSTIN, Sergei A. (1984), "Гипотеза о генетических связях синотибетских языков с енисейскими и северокавказскими языками ", in Vardu, I. F., Лингвистическая реконструкция и древнейшая история Востока , Moscow: Академия наук, Институт востоковедения Institute of Orientalistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, pp. 19–38
"The preliminary phylogenetic tree" (PNG), The Tower of Babel (Evolution of Human Language Project), 2006-05-28, retrieved 2008-01-28
TRASK, R. L., 1999. "Why should a language have any relatives?" Pages 157–176 in: C. Renfrew & D. Nettle (eds.): Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge (UK).
TRASK, R. L., 1997. "Basque and the Superfamilies". The History of Basque, Routledge, London. (See especially pages 403–408.)
TRASK, R. L., 1995. "Basque and Dene–Caucasian: A Critique from the Basque Side". Mother Tongue 1:3–82.
TRASK, R. L., 1994–1995. "Basque: The Search for Relatives (Part 1)." Dhumbadji! 2:3–54.
VAJDA, Edward J. (2004): Ket. (Languages of the World, Materials, 204) München: LINCOM Europa
VAJDA, Edward J. (2002): The origin of phonemic tone in Yeniseic. CLS 37 (Parasession on Arctic languages): 305-320
VAJDA, Edward J. (2001a): Toward a typology of position class: comparing Navajo and Ket verb morphology. Read at: SSILA Summer Meeting, July 7, 2001
VAJDA, Edward J. (2001b): Linguistic relations across Bering Strait: Siberia and the Native Americans. Read at: Bureau of Faculty Research, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, March 8, 2001
VAJDA, Edward J. 2000. Evidence for a genetic connection between Na-Dene and Yeniseian (Central Siberia). – Paper read at: January 2000 meeting of Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of America (SSILA) and Linguistic Society of America (LSA)
VAJDA, Edward J. 2000a. Yeniseian and Na-Dene: evidence for a genetic relationship. – Paper read at: 38th Conference on American Indian Languages (SSILA), Chicago, Jan. 2000
VAJDA, Edward J. 2000b. Yeniseian and Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit.' – Paper read at: Linguistics Department Colloquium, University of British Columbia, Mar. 2000
VAJDA, Edward J. 2000c. Ket verb morphology and its parallels with Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit: evidence of a genetic link. – Paper read at: Athabaskan Language Conference, Moricetown, BC, June 9, 2000
VAJDA, Edward J. 2000d. Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit and Yeniseian: lexical and phonological parallels. Read at: 39th Conference on American Indian Languages, San Francisco, Nov. 14-18, 2000
VAN DRIEM, George, 2001. "The Languages of the Himalayas." Brill, Leiden.
VOVIN, Alexander, 2002. "Building a 'bum-pa for Sino-Caucasian." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 30.1: 154–171.
VOVIN, Alexander, 1997. "The Comparative Method and Ventures Beyond Sino-Tibetan." Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25.2: 308–336.
WERNER, Heinrich K. (2004): Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft [On the Yeniseian- Indian primordial relationship]. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz
External links
Dené–Caucasian ethno-linguistic map
The Tower of Babel (site in English and Russian including Proposed family tree and Word-final resonants in Sino-Caucasian)
A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1
Merritt Ruhlen on the Dené–Caucasian hypothesis (PDF)
See also
Dené–Yeniseian languages
Language families and languages
Proto-language
Borean languages
Haplogroup C-M217 (Y-DNA)
Chthonic_Goat_666
Chthonic_Goat_666
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gwap
gwap
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the face of the washington dc metropolitan area:
Superabound
Superabound
Not Your S.H.I.E.L.D.
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i hope the government shutdown continues indefinitely until the whole of the night sky is engulfed in the glorious incandescence of martyrdom
Superabound
Superabound
Not Your S.H.I.E.L.D.
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[account deactivated]
getfiscal
getfiscal
Mike Nelson here.
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i've been listening to the sirius love channel since midnight....
dipshit420
dipshit420
political car tune
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Siriusly?
clanzy
clanzy
jiggago
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just burn the entire city/district to the ground make chicago the capital make chief keef the president
postposting
postposting
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daddyholes posted:In economics the DC preferred competition to cooperation, supported the model of social market economy and rejected the Marxist's idea of class struggle.
Red_Canadian
Red_Canadian
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You think this will cause Americans to realize their political theatre is merely that, theatre? Or are tunisians more politically active and aware then Americans?
diamond_galas
diamond_galas
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Police arrest man accused of popping a paper bag near White House
gwap
gwap
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obama wants the redskins to change their name:
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/5/obama-says-red-skinsownersshouldthinkaboutchangingteamname.html
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/5/obama-says-red-skinsownersshouldthinkaboutchangingteamname.html
The team's owner, some Jew, has vowed to never abandon the name.
gwap
gwap
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wait, do jews own every professional american sports team? the redskins, nationals, and A's just the off the top of my head.
lol: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports#Commissioners.2C_managers.2Fcoaches_and_owners
lol: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports#Commissioners.2C_managers.2Fcoaches_and_owners
TG
TG
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jerral jones is a lot of terrible things but a jew aint one of them
Ironicwarcriminal
Ironicwarcriminal
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gwap posted:wait, do jews own every professional american sports team? the redskins, nationals, and A's just the off the top of my head.
lol: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports#Commissioners.2C_managers.2Fcoaches_and_owners
yup, they're also the mayors of america's 3 largest cities
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Ironicwarcriminal
Ironicwarcriminal
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what's wrong T?
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[account deactivated]
[account deactivated]
Superabound
Superabound
Not Your S.H.I.E.L.D.
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gwap posted:obama wants the redskins to change their name:
http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/5/obama-says-red-skinsownersshouldthinkaboutchangingteamname.html
The team's owner, some Jew, has vowed to never abandon the name.
mods change team name to the Washington Lampshades
Ironicwarcriminal
Ironicwarcriminal
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don't burn yourself out T, take some time for yourself, maybe watch eat pray love
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ilmdge
ilmdge
Online
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there is another world... there is a better world... well, there must be... well, there must be... well, there must be.........
getfiscal
getfiscal
Mike Nelson here.
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discipline posted:there is no such thing as time for myself
uhhhhhhhh your boyfriend looks like a ken doll, how does he not have money, tell him to get with the program and pay your bills.
peepaw
peepaw
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gyrofry
gyrofry
Kurdt
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kickstarter, imo
getfiscal
getfiscal
Mike Nelson here.
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lol i was joking but that came across as rude. i apologize.
DildoMalone
DildoMalone
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discipline posted:I work all the time and I don't even have the time or energy to think anymore. all I want to do is write and read but then that's quite the privileged view, I am nothing special at all and will twitch my way into death and obscurity
discipline posted:I remember another world, it seems like a dream. now all I do is lose my mind for a living
discipline posted:there is no such thing as time for myself
lol welcome to being an adult
Superabound
Superabound
Not Your S.H.I.E.L.D.
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DildoMalone posted:lol welcome to being an adult
dipshit420
dipshit420
political car tune
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^ I guess this is growing up ^
Lykourgos
Lykourgos
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DildoMalone posted:lol welcome to being an adult